In 2020, the President of Uganda, H.E. Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, officially launched the construction site in Katonga, Mpigi District, where the UPDF is diligently working on the Uganda National Military Museum.

President Museveni, during the launch, expressed optimism about the project’s potential. The estimated cost of the museum is Ugx 110 billion, and it is anticipated to become a marvel, significantly contributing to the growth of tourism in Uganda.

The President, during the groundbreaking ceremony, recommended the inclusion of portraits of historical figures like the late Muammar Gaddafi, Julius Nyerere, and Samora Machel at the site, acknowledging their significant contributions to the struggle.

Katonga holds numerous memories of NRA historical figures, and the primary objective of this military museum is to preserve and conserve the rich history of the Uganda.

Harriet Nabunnya, a technical officer from the UPDF, provided insights into the project, stating that the military museum would cover the country’s military history dating back to 1894. She explained that the army would acquire items associated with the military museum from private individuals and recreate what is unavailable based on existing pictures.

In August 2022, an 8-person delegation from the UPDF undertook a benchmarking mission to South Africa. The goal was to gain knowledge and insights from the South African National Defense Force regarding the construction and operation of military museum. This visit is crucial as Uganda moves into the implementation phase of its first military museum at Katonga.

Upon completion, this museum is poised to be the largest military museum in Africa, surpassing those in Algeria and Egypt.

Col. Akiiki, the UPDF deputy spokesperson, expressed confidence that with the involvement of the UPDF Engineering Brigade, the project will proceed as planned without any doubt.

According to Col. Deo Akiiki, the center is expected to significantly boost tourism in the country. It is anticipated that both local and international tourists will flock to the site to marvel at its unique architectural design and the diverse array of items on display.

About the NRA

The National Resistance Army (NRA), the military arm of the National Resistance Movement (NRM), emerged as a rebel force during the Ugandan Bush War or Luwero War. This guerrilla conflict was waged against the governments of Milton Obote and later Tito Okello. The NRA received support from Muammar Gaddafi.

In 1981, the NRA came into existence through the merger of Yoweri Museveni’s Popular Resistance Army (PRA) and ex-president Yusuf Lule’s Uganda Freedom Fighters (UFF). Museveni, then leader of the Uganda Patriotic Movement party, alleged electoral fraud after the disputed 1980 general election and declared armed rebellion.

Museveni, drawing on his guerrilla warfare experience with Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO) in Mozambique and his own Front for National Salvation (FRONASA) formed in Tanzania to combat Idi Amin which led the to victory of NRA against Ugandan National Liberation Army  (UNLA) in 1986. When the NRA entered Kampala in 1986, about a quarter of its 16,000 combatants were Banyarwanda, and Fred Rwigema served as its deputy commander, marking the transformation of the NRA into the national army.

Subsequently, the UNLA conducted attacks against civilians in northern Uganda, largely targeting the Acholi people as a form of retaliation for Operation Bonanza, a scorched-earth operation ordered by Milton Obote during his presidency.

From 1986 to 1990, the Museveni regime sought to quell insurgencies and establish control over the army. Despite government claims of defeating the UNLA and other rebel groups, insurgent activity persisted, especially in the northern, eastern, and western regions. In April 1988, 3,000 former Uganda People’s Army (UPA) fighters and members of other rebel groups accepted a government amnesty, surrendering and declaring support for Museveni’s regime. In June 1988, a peace agreement was reached with Uganda People’s Democratic Army (UPDA) commander Lieutenant Colonel John Angelo Okello. Although the NRA integrated many UPA and UPDA members, some rejected the peace accord and continued to resist the NRA.

Following the passing of the 1995 Ugandan constitution, the NRA was renamed the Uganda People’s Defence Force (UPDF).

Why Katonga for National Military Museum  

Katonga has a significant history of Uganda wars, playing a crucial role in the military history of Uganda and even in the pre-colonial periods of Bunyoro and Buganda. Katonga Bridge and its surrounding “strategic areas” were pivotal in the sequence of events that led to the overthrow of President Idi Amin Dada in April 1979. In October 1978, Ugandan Army soldiers crossed the southern border and launched attacks in Tanzania’s Kagera region.

President Amin subsequently declared Kagera part of Uganda, as thousands of Ugandans, including soldiers who fled following the 1971 military coup that brought Amin to power, were residing in Tanzania. Additionally, deposed President Milton Obote was in exile in Tanzania. A combined force of the Tanzanian national army (TPDF) and groups of Ugandans initiated a counter-offensive to drive Amin’s army from Tanzania and effect a regime change in Kampala.

Colonel Abdu Kisuule, a senior officer in the Uganda Army, played a key role in containing the invading forces. In February 1979, Masaka fell to the TPDF, and Colonel Kisuule took charge of an offensive to recapture Masaka. Kisuule shared with The Citizen newspaper in 2014 that the plan centered on controlling Katonga, using it as a launching point to push back the invading force.

He recounted that he went with Amin up to Buganzi Hill to see what was happening  but when the then president Amin returned to Kampala, the power for operations to retake Masaka  was left  in his hands. At that time, Lukaya was still under their control, but the soldiers had looted extensively, and the locals had fled. Kisuule strategically set up his headquarters in Buwama, ordering soldiers to stay 500 meters away from the center.

According to Kisuule, around one thousand Libyan soldiers were sent to support President Amin and were deployed in the Katonga and Lukaya areas. The Libyans had joined and they  mounted heavy guns which they brought on the hills across Katonga, all facing Lukaya. They  also deployed tanks, planning to advance to Masaka on March 9; this was done after briefing the Libyan army at Mitala Maria that had come to boost the ranks.

In April 1979, Tanzanian forces and the UNLA forced out President Idi Amin, leading to a weak UNLF government. Internal divisions within the UNLF and power struggles ensued. Yoweri Museveni initiated the Ugandan Bush War in 1981, forming the National Resistance Movement (NRM) and the armed wing, the NRA. By 1985, the NRA faced defeat and Museveni briefly retreated to Sweden.

A coup in July 1985 forced out President Obote, replacing him with General Tito Okello. The new regime sought negotiations with anti-Obote rebel groups, including the NRM. Museveni returned to East Africa to rebuild the NRA.

Tito Okello attempted to lift the siege, but the Battle of Katonga Bridge in early December failed. The UNLA garrison faced dwindling supplies, resorting to eating rats, with incidents of cannibalism reported. Starvation and unsuccessful attempts to airlift supplies led to desperate conditions.

In August, the NRA launched coordinated attacks, capturing significant territory. The strategically important town of Masaka, with its large market, coffee trade, and road network, became a target. The NRA believed capturing Masaka would facilitate an attack on Kampala. The town was defended by 2,000 to 3,000 UNLA troops.

The NRA’s Mobile Brigade initiated the siege on September 24. Despite the well-fortified UNLA barracks, including minefields and heavy weaponry, the NRA persisted. Counter-attacks by the UNLA’s Masaka Mechanised Regiment were unsuccessful. The garrison’s breakout attempts were thwarted, and by November 18, the UNLA’s commander, Lieutenant Colonel James Tibamuleka, was killed.

As the UNLA garrison weakened, indiscipline and ethnic factionalism increased. Groups of UNLA troops surrendered from December 2 onwards. The NRA heavily shelled the remaining forces from December 4, and on December 10, the rest of the garrison capitulated. The NRA took thousands of UNLA troops prisoner and seized weapons from the armory.

Following the battle, the NRA redeployed forces, and Masaka suffered further damage. Many UNLA prisoners, including Captain Ojara, switched allegiances and joined the NRA. The capture of Masaka solidified NRA control in the central and southwestern regions, setting the stage for the eventual capture of Kampala in January 1986.

Regrettably, the war did not unfold as planned for Colonel Kisuule and his men as the fighting was so fierce, and many men were killed, with tens of jeeps ferrying dead bodies from the frontline to Kampala, further, he said that this was the last serious battle and they lost the war.

The Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) announced the opening of new gorilla families for tracking in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. This development marks a significant leap forward in gorilla conservation and provides more opportunities for tourists to experience one of the world’s most awe-inspiring wildlife encounters.

The Uganda Wildlife Authority shared this update on January 17, 2024, through a formal communication addressed to tour operators and tourism stakeholders. This underscores the importance of this breakthrough in the world of wildlife tourism and conservation.

The addition of these new gorilla families is the result of a dedicated four-year habituation process led by UWA’s committed team. Their steadfast commitment to conservation and sustainable tourism has been instrumental in making this initiative a success. This accomplishment not only enhances Uganda’s wildlife offerings but also signifies a positive impact on the preservation of mountain gorillas.

The newly opened families are located in different sectors of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park for instance, Buhoma Sector has Binyindo and Muyambi, Rushaga Sector has Rwigi and Tindatine and Nkuringo Sector has Posho. This marks a total of five new gorilla families introduced in Bwindi Impenetrable national park

With these additions, UWA now offers a total of 194 normal gorilla trekking permits and four gorilla habituation experience permits per day in 24 gorilla families which increased from 19. This provides visitors with a unique and enriching experience, allowing them to observe the fascinating behaviors of gorillas in their natural habitat.

History of the new gorilla families

Buhoma sector

The Muyambi gorilla family consists of 8 members and is led by a silverback called Muyambi who was once a member of the Mubare family. This family was formed in 2019 after splitting with the Mubare and the first trekking was done in the same year as it was expecting its newborn infant. The Bunyindo family is led by a silverback called Bunyindo. 

Nkuringo sector

The Posho gorilla group is found in the Nkuringo sector consisting of 14 members and is led by Magara silverback. The family is still undergoing the habituation process however it is open for trekking. This has made the sector to have four gorilla families.

Rushaga sector

The Tindatine gorilla family is one of the groups that split from the Nshongi gorilla family that was inhabited in 2006 with  32 members. The Rwigi gorilla family broke off from Kahuge and was named after the silverback called Rwigi. Rwigi had misunderstandings with Kahuge and both fought. Some members that believed in him left and formed a group of 10 members including one silverback, two juveniles, five females and two babies.

Other gorilla families in Uganda  

Ruhija sector

The sector is located in Bwindi Impenetrable National park and It is home to two gorilla families namely Bitukura, Kyaguriro and Oruzogo.

The Bitukura gorilla family

Located near the scenic River Bitukura, the group has fourteen individuals including four silverbacks. This family opened  in October 2008,15 months after the initiation of the habituation process in July 2007. The Bitukura is connected to the Kyaguriro family, this connection facilitated frequent encounters with Uganda Wildlife Authority rangers, thus fastening the habituation process.

Originally the Bitukura family comprised 24 members but it has experienced reduction over the years and now they are 14 members.  The group is led by the dominant silverback, Ndahura, who assumed leadership from the retiring Karamuzi after nearly four decades of service. Despite being the second youngest, Ndahura holds the mantle of leadership and in 2013, the family received a newborn which is carefully guarded by the leader.

The Oruzogo gorilla family

The Family is led by silverback Tibirikwata and it is a group of twenty-five individuals, including two silverbacks. It was opened in 2011, this family has increased over the years due to several births within its ranks. Noteworthy among these births are Ntamurungi’s delivery in June 2011 and Musi’s addition in October of the same year. Another band of joy occurred in March 2012 when Kakoba, an adult female that gave birth to twins,brought tremendous joy within the gorilla family.

The Kyaguriro gorilla family

It is a group of fifteen individuals, including two silverbacks. Despite completing the habituation process, this family is yet to open its doors to tourism. Nonetheless, dedicated conservationists maintain close contact, keenly observing and studying the fascinating dynamics within.

Previously the family was under the leadership of the dominant silverback Zeus however, a contender gorilla named Rukina launched an attack on Zeus and was forced into exile. Tragically, Zeus eventually succumbed to the challenges of exile, marking the end of his storied reign.

Although the Kyaguriro family is not accessible to tourists, researchers and scientists diligently monitor the family, unraveling the complexities of their social structure and behaviors. 

Rushaga sector

Located in Bwindi Forest, a home for several gorilla families including Nshongi, Mishaya, Kahungye, Bweza, and Busingye.

Nshongi Gorilla Family

This group is composed of twenty-six individuals with four impressive silverbacks, and resides near the Nshongi River. It was opened for tracking in September 2009, initially the family had thirty-six members, making it Uganda’s largest habituated gorilla group at the time. The family harmoniously coexisted, with three silverbacks and seven blackbacks sharing leadership responsibilities. In July 2010, the group split into two, with silverback Mishaya leading a group of 10 members. The remaining group of 26 individuals, with four silverbacks, continues to thrive.

Mishaya Gorilla Family

Following the split from the Nshongi group in July 2010, the Mishaya Gorilla Family, now consisting of twelve individuals with one silverback, led an adventurous journey. Mishaya’s spirited character led to encounters with various gorilla families. Unfortunately, in April 2011, a confrontation with a non-habituated wild gorilla family resulted in injuries to Mishaya’s group, including a two-year-old infant. However, the Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project veterinarians secured the lives of both the injured gorillas and the infant recovered well.

Kahungye Gorilla Family

One of the more recently habituated families in Bwindi, the Kahungye Gorilla Family, comprises thirteen individuals, including three silverbacks. Opened for tracking in October 2011, the family later split to form the Busingye Gorilla Family. Dominant silverback Rwigi, whose name means ‘door,’ leads this active group with enthusiasm and charisma.

Bweza Gorilla Family

The family was under the Nshongi group, then the largest habituated group in Bwindi National Park, opened for tourism. However, in July 2010, silverback Mishaya left to form his own group the Mishaya Gorilla Family. Two years later, silverback Bweza splitted and decided to take on his own journey, creating the Bweza Gorilla Family. In December 2012, this new family, consisting of nine individuals with one silverback, was opened to be tracked.

Busingye Gorilla Family

In June 2012, silverback Busingye broke away from the Kahungye Gorilla Family to establish his own group. Despite the name ‘peace,’ Busingye, in contrast, has displayed many fights so as to defend his family. He has fought off attacks from wild gorilla groups, securing the safety of females and integrating them into his own gorilla family.

Gorilla families in Buhoma sector

Located in the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, is home to five gorilla families Mubare, Habinyanja, and Rushegura.

Mubare Gorilla Family

Established for tracking in 1993 and it’s the oldest habituated gorilla family in Uganda has 9 individuals with one silverback. Originally the group had 18 members led by silverback Ruhondeza. Over time, due to various factors, the group was reduced to only 5 members by 2012. Ruhondeza’s leadership was challenged in 2012, leading to his eventual retreat and passing in 2020. Known for his gentle yet lazy demeanor, he was over 50 years old.

Habinyanja Gorilla family

Opened for tracking in 1999 and the habituation process began in 1997. The group is located in Buhoma Kahororo- Rubina and has 17 members with 2 silverbacks. Initially led by silverback Mugurisi, the group split peacefully into Habinyanja and Rushegura when Mugurisi passed away. Currently led by silverback Makara, the group faced tragedy in 2011 when a blackback named Mizano was killed by poachers, marking the first such incident since 1995.

Rushegura Gorilla Family

The group separated from the larger Habinyanja family in 2002 at Rushegura and has 19 individuals with one silverback. Originally led by silverback Mwirima, the family faced attacks from wild gorilla groups, eventually settling in Bwindi National Park. The group is known for its  calm nature and they have peacefully coexisted with the nearby village 

Nkuringo Gorilla Family 

Located in the Nkuringo sector, the group has 19 members with 2 silverbacks. The name “Nkuringo” in the local Rukiga language translates to a ’round hill,’ where this group was initially spotted. The family had a tendency to venture into nearby village communities, causing concerns as they consumed crops like sweet potatoes and bananas. During habituation, the group was led by the old and weary silverback Nkuringo, who passed away in April 2008. Leadership then shifted to his son, Safari. An adult female, Kwitonda, later gave birth to twins, Muhozi and Katungi. Unfortunately, Katungi succumbed to illness at one-and-a-half years.

Mgahinga National Park

The park is home to the Nyakagezi Gorilla Family, the only habituated family within the park. The group has 10 individuals with 3 silverbacks under the leadership of the dominant silverback, Mark .

Mark, the ruling silverback, is known for his frequent movements. In the past, the family would cross borders between Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Rwanda. However, since November 2012, the group has remained within the Ugandan border. In May 2013, the family welcomed a newborn baby, adding to its number.

Due to the family’s historical mobility, Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) decided, from November 2012, to issue gorilla trekking permits for visiting this family exclusively at the UWA headquarters within Mgahinga National Park. This decision ensures effective management and allows visitors to experience the presence of the Nyakagezi Gorilla Family within the borders of Uganda.

Booking Information for gorilla families

In light of this exciting development, it’s crucial for tourists and tour operators to note that UWA will no longer allow requests for extra permits, even during peak seasons. Starting from July 1, 2024, gorilla permits will cost $800 for all foreign tourists and increase from $600 to $700 for foreign residents of East Africa. For East Africans from UGX 250000 to UGX 300000 and the rest of Africa $ 500. This is an opportunity for tourists to be part of a remarkable wildlife experience while contributing to ongoing conservation efforts. Each gorilla trekking permit purchased plays a crucial role in supporting these efforts and ensuring the survival of mountain gorillas for future generations.

In a bid to strengthen wildlife conservation and sustainable tourism, Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) is set to implement conservation tariffs review starting July 1st, 2024, so as to give time to tourists and stakeholders to adapt to the changes in pricing structure with a notable change in the cost of gorilla permits. This decision, communicated on January 17th, 2024, aims to support wildlife preservation and ensure sustainable tourism in Uganda.

The tariff adjustment results from careful consideration and consultations with various stakeholders, including tour operators, conservationists, tourist groups, and local communities. The goal is to ensure the long-term preservation of Uganda’s natural treasures.

Uganda Wildlife Authority is a government agency responsible for managing and protecting wildlife in Uganda. It oversees 10 National Parks, 12 Wildlife Reserves, 5 Community Wildlife Management Areas, and 13 Wildlife Sanctuaries, making Uganda a cherished destination for nature lovers and conservationists.

Reasons for conservation tariffs

Conservation Funding

The hike in gorilla permit costs is anticipated to generate additional revenue that will play a pivotal role in funding essential conservation initiatives. This includes supporting park management including the the site guides that lead in gorilla trekking and safeguarding endangered species, particularly the iconic mountain gorillas. The increased funds will empower UWA to take proactive measures in protecting these species and their habitats.

Sustainable Tourism

By adopting a fair pricing structure, UWA aims to attract responsible tourists who are genuinely committed to the preservation of wildlife and natural habitats. This approach fosters sustainable tourism practices, creating a harmonious balance between visitor experiences and environmental conservation. Tourists, in turn, become active contributors to the well-being of local communities and the ecosystems they explore.

Enhanced Visitor Experience

The additional funds generated through the adjusted tariffs will be strategically invested by UWA. This investment is earmarked for improving infrastructure, enhancing visitor facilities, and supporting comprehensive conservation efforts. Tourists can anticipate a more enriching experience in Uganda’s protected areas, as the resources will be channeled towards creating a conducive environment for both wildlife and visitors.

Implementation of Comprehensive Changes

The decision to review conservation tariffs and increase gorilla permit costs is grounded in UWA’s unwavering commitment to wildlife conservation and sustainable tourism. This initiative, supported by thorough research and stakeholder consultations, ensures the continued protection of Uganda’s diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife.

Funding Conservation Initiatives

The additional revenue generated from increased permit fees will directly contribute to funding conservation initiatives. This includes anti-poaching efforts, habitat restoration, and community-based conservation projects, all of which are integral to maintaining the ecological balance.

Transparency and Accountability

UWA’s commitment to transparency is evident in the comprehensive research conducted and the rigorous approval process by the UWA Board of Trustees. This ensures that the funds collected are allocated judiciously, addressing the specific needs of each protected area.

Long-Term Sustainability

The decision to review tariffs is not a short-term fix but a strategic move towards long-term sustainability. The revised tariffs are set to remain in effect until June 30th, 2026, allowing for periodic evaluations and adjustments. This adaptive approach ensures that conservation efforts stay adequately funded, responsive to evolving challenges, and capable of securing Uganda’s natural heritage for future generations.

Reassurance for Tourists and Stakeholders

For any trips slated to commence on or after July 1st, 2024, tourists and stakeholders can anticipate a modest increase in the cost of gorilla permits and other activities. This adjustment is coupled with the reassurance that their contributions will play a crucial role in supporting the preservation of Uganda’s natural heritage. It signifies a shared responsibility, where tourists become active participants in the ongoing conservation narrative, leaving a positive impact on the ecosystems they explore. However those that booked before and they are to have their tracking dates in and after July will not have to pay extra money. And those that haven’t booked and they have their tracking dates in July will have to pay the new charges.

Revised Conservation Tariffs

Below are the activities with their old and new charges

Gorilla Trekking                                                                        

       East Africans – UGX 250000                                      UGX 300000

      Rest of Africans                                                          $500

      Foreign residents- $600                                              $700

      Foreign tourists- $700                                                  $800       

 Chimpanzee Tracking

         Foreign Tourists- $200                                                     USD 250  

         Foreign Residents- $ 150                                                  $200  

         East Africans- UGx 150,000/-                                            UGx 180,000/-

Chimpanzee Habituation  

         Foreign Tourists- $250                                                         $300  

         Foreign Residents- $200                                                      $ 250  

         East Africans- UGX 200,000/-                                           UGx 250,000/-

Chimpanzee Tracking in Kyambura 

         Foreign Tourists-$ 50                                                       $100  

         Foreign Residents-$ 40                                                    $80  

         East Africans -UGx 30,000/-                                          UGX 50,000/-

There are more other conservation tariffs that were put in place among these include the Batwa forest exploration, self game drive and guided game drive, hiking, spot fishing, lion tracking and long walks.

Updated UWA tariffs (2024-2026)

In conclusion, the Uganda Wildlife Authority’s decision to adjust conservation tariffs is a proactive step towards ensuring the sustainability of both wildlife and tourism. It reflects a balanced approach that not only addresses the immediate funding needs for conservation but also focuses on creating a lasting impact on Uganda’s unique ecosystems. By embracing responsible tourism practices and investing in the protection of endangered species, Uganda is poised to continue captivating the world with its natural wonders for years to come.

Prime Minister Robinah Nabbanja Musafiri has officially transferred the management of Entebbe Botanical Gardens from the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries to the Uganda Wildlife Education Conservation Center (UWEC). This move, following a presidential directive, aims to enhance tourism and conservation efforts.

During the handover ceremony, Premier Nabbanja emphasized the government’s commitment to biodiversity conservation and tourism growth. She urged UWEC and the National Agricultural Research Organization to address security concerns and improve facilities within two weeks.

Premier Nabbanja highlighted the positive trend in tourism, citing a record of 486,313 visitors to Entebbe Zoo in 2022. She emphasized the significant role tourism plays, providing employment for 1.5 million people and contributing 6.7% to the country’s GDP.

The Premier further disclosed the government’s strategy to boost tourism earnings, targeting $5.19 billion by 2028 and a goal of $12 billion annually by 2040. The plan involves developing new tourism products, such as refurbishing Entebbe Botanical Gardens and establishing regional centers in Mbale, Gulu, Kyenjojo, and Mbarara.

Premier Nabbanja commended the National Agricultural Research Organization for its role in maintaining the Botanical Gardens but criticized the former management for neglecting amenities and security. She urged the Tourism Ministry to create sustainable plans, transform the gardens into a modern destination, and foster research and conservation.

The Minister for Tourism, Wildlife, and Antiquities, Hon. Rtd. Maj. Tom Butiime, assured proper management of the gardens. He pledged government support for improvements and emphasized the preservation of fauna and flora.

The Director Crop Resources at the Ministry of Agriculture, Mr. Steven Byantwale Tibeijuka, urged UWEC to maintain the gene bank for tree specimens. Entebbe Municipality Mayor Fabrice Brad Rulinda supported the handover and called for concurrent promotion of research and tourism.

The Director General of National Agricultural Research Organization, Dr. Yonna Baguma, pledged collaboration with UWEC in research and tourism. The Chairperson Board of Directors for NARO advised cooperation to make Entebbe Botanical Gardens an attractive research and tourism center.

Dr. James Musinguzi, the Executive Director of UWEC, assured the public of collaboration with the Agriculture Ministry and NARO to develop the gardens. He dismissed rumors of garden plots for sale and promised increased security to address safety concerns.

About the Botanical gardens

The Entebbe Botanical Gardens is located in Entebbe town on the northern shores of Lake Victoria 43 km (49 mins drive) from Kampala and 6 km (12 mins drive) from Entebbe airport. Established in 1898 and opened in October by James Berkery  who was a consul in the British protectorate government. They were established with the aim of examining  and developing  agricultural resources in Uganda. In 1995 the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fishery took over the management and they were placed under National Agriculture Research Organization(NARO) 

The gardens receive a total annual rainfall of 1623 mm and an altitude of 1134 meters in an area of 40.7 hectares. The place is a diverse collection of species ranging from tropical, subtropical , and temperate zones with 309 tree species. Among them, 199 are indigenous to Uganda as 122 are known for medicinal value, and 110 are exotic making it a spot for botanists. Further, the gardens harbors a number of wildlife species including birds, monkeys, flowers, plants and butterflies

The gardens harbors a variety of birds that may be found within the gardens or on shores of the lake. These include; palm nut vulture, bat hawks, African Grey parrot, orange-tufted, red-chested Sunbirds, black headed Gonolek, Black headed and Vieillot’s black weavers, common Squacco, Jackson’s Golden-backed, Orange Weaver, long-tailed cormorant, yellow-billed duck, African Open- billed stork, Black headed herons, pied and giant kingfisher, Hamerkop, gray headed gull, and more making it an ideal place for bird watching. A stroll reveals a medicinal garden, bamboo stands, thick underbrush, and towering trees. Local rumors suggest early Tarzan movies were filmed here.

How to access the gardens

The Entebbe botanical gardens can be reached through Entebbe airport which takes 12 mins or from Kampala city (43 km) 49 mins drive. One can opt to use Kampala- Entebbe express highway to dodge traffic jams or use Kampala-Entebbe road. The gardens are open everyday from 8:00 am and closed at 6:00 pm.

At the entrance of the Botanical one encounters colobus monkeys on the trees and floor. The entrance fee is 10000 Uganda shillings. However, one is advised to pay a guide fee of 10000 so that a guide accompanies them around since most things are not described. The slow drives through the gardens allows everyone to appreciate the beauty of the place. Tourists can as well visit  Uganda Wildlife Education and Conservation Center and Uganda reptile village so as to see other bird species and animals like leopards, lions among others. In addition, one is advised to not leave out his binoculars and any guide book and in case one wants to visit the place, you can make a booking with the tour companies.

The Buganda Kingdom has series of small sacred lakes and river that have not received much attention. These are regarded as places of divinity, danger and liminal makers. the Baganda take these lakes and rivers as their ancestral homes and go to there to make sacrifices to them. These places include; Kabaka’s lake, Lake Wamala, River Ssezibwa, Lake Victoria and among others

Kabaka’s lake

Kabaka’s Lake is located in Ndeeba between Nabunya road and ring road 4.5 km (13 min drive) from Kampala city, Uganda. Built in 1880 under the rule of Kabaka Mwanga II, this lake served as an escape route during British conflicts.

Being the largest man-made lake in Uganda, Kabaka’s Lake was a joint effort of 52 Buganda clans, showing unity during Ssekabaka Mwanga’s reign. Mwanga II had multiple reasons for its construction, including creating a waterway to Lake Victoria for fishing and swimming, as well as easy access to another palace on Mulungu hill.

Despite Kabaka Mwanga II’s aggressive rule, construction faced challenges due to religious wars in the Buganda Kingdom, leaving the lake incomplete. Initially, some royalty and chiefs refused to participate, but the Kabaka’s personal involvement changed their minds.

The lake covers 1.8 square kilometers and 200 feet deep, Kabaka’s Lake is a top attraction during a Kampala city tour. It harbors a variety of bird species like little egrets, crested cranes. The lake is near the Lubiri (Kabaka’s palace) in Mengo making it a must-visit.

With no inlet rivers, the lake relies on underground springs for water supply, maintaining consistent levels. Under renovation for tourism, future plans include a five-star hotel. During the annual Buganda tourism Expo in August, it features water sports with the king, soldiers (Abambowa), ministers, dignitaries, and security so as they funds solicited help in the renovation process.

Kabaka’s Lake is really special in Uganda, especially for the Buganda kingdom. People see it as a symbol of their history and culture. They use the lake for important ceremonies that are a big part of their traditions. The connection between the lake and the Buganda kingdom’s leaders makes it even more important culturally. The lake is a place that holds the stories and traditions of the Buganda people, making it a crucial part of their heritage.

Kabaka’s Lake is also recognized as a conservation area and a water reservoir for the kingdom and for irrigation and daily needs. boasts two small islands with lush vegetation and bird nests. The lake offers activities like canoeing, boat rides, leisure walks, picnics, birding and fishing.

Lake Wamala

Lake Wamala is a freshwater body shared by Mityana, Mpigi, and Mubende Districts covering 250 sq km with 1,290 meters above sea level. The lake has inlet rivers which include; Nyanzi, Kitenga, Kabasuma, Mpamujugu, and Bimbye rivers which contribute to the lake’s vitality. 

Over 4,000 years ago, it is believed that lake Wamala was part of Lake Victoria, but time has shaped it into a separate waterbody we see now . The lake draws its name from King Wamala, the final ruler of the Bachwezi dynasty, who vanished into its depths near Nakyegalika, Lubajja landing site in Maanyi sub-county.

The lake’s surface is enhanced with islands, each telling its own story; these include Lwanja, Mabo, Kizara, Kazinga, and Bagwe Islands all harbor a variety of birdlife and serve cultural functions. Among the Baganda people, some islands are believed to house ancestral spirits, offering guidance and assistance.

Lake Wamala is surrounded by green vegetation that is dominated by papyrus, floaters, and water-based plants with a variety of tree species which include;Raphia, and palms thus creating a home for both flora and fauna.

The spot also has a variety of animal species and among them include; waterbucks, hippopotamus, sitatunga, wild pigs, bushbuck. And primates like vervet monkeys and baboons with birds like guinea fowl and turaco. The lake’s clear waters are also teeming with life, hosting fish species like tilapia, catfish, and lungfish.

In the 1960s and early 1970s, Lake Wamala played a crucial role as a source of fresh and smoked fish, supplying local markets and towns in Buganda. However, mismanagement and unregulated commercial fishing in the mid-1970s led to a decline in fish stocks. The impact was felt not only by the environment but also by local fishermen and their families.

Adding to the challenges, climate change is also another factor affecting the lake Wamala’s conditions and further impacting the livelihoods of the community. Yet, despite these challenges, Lake Wamala remains one of Uganda’s cleanest lakes, its waters maintaining a sense of calmness. Researched by Ariiho Robert Kahiigi, Lake Wamala was once a busy place and  source of sustenance to people around. It now serves as a reminder to the delicate balance of nature and the importance of responsible stewardship to ensure the well-being of both the ecosystem and the communities that call its shores home.

There are other tourist attractions around for instance; Walumbe tanda pits, Entanda cultural center, Magonga shrines and Nakayima tree. These are all cultural attractions that are stationed around Mityana.

Lake Wamala with Buganda culture

In 2013,  according to a story that was shared with social scientist Beth Timmers by a local fishmonger following the story that was passed down by grandparents. It is said the lake was born from a woman named Wamala, who, while pregnant, had her water break as she walked. The water flowed, and the lake grew, giving birth to Wamala, the lake itself. It is still believed to be the lake of a spirit which is beyond the government’s control.

This mysticism extends to certain taboos associated with the lake. The water is considered akin to Wamala’s mother’s amniotic fluid, making it taboo for menstruating women to enter the lake. Engaging in any activity, even bathing, is deemed disrespectful. These taboos are closely tied to the belief in women’s potential to fish.

Another prohibition revolves around the lake’s gender; as a male entity, it’s considered inappropriate for a woman to enter or exit a fishing boat. The cultural tapestry surrounding Lake Wamala is woven with stories that go beyond the ordinary, reminding us of the deep connection between myth, tradition, and the serene waters that cradle the spirit of Wamala.

How to get to lake Wamala

From Kampala city one can take Kampala-Fort Portal road up to Mityana town, then from town to the lake Wamala takes 20 km. From Kibale national park it is about 231 km (4 hrs and 30 mins) to reach the destination.

River sezibwa 

Located 85 km (2 hrs and 30 mins drive) away from Kampala city center along the main road to jinja in Mukono district. River Sezibwa is one of the most treasured rivers in Buganda Kingdom and it originates from the wetlands of lake Victoria and pours its waters in lake Kyoga. The river is 150 km long and incorporates Ssezibwa falls. The falls are one of the most visited places and adorned with rocks, the water squeezes through narrow rock openings, cascading 17 meters into a 14-meter deep pool.

Cultural and Spiritual Significance of the river

Beyond its natural allure, Ssezibwa Falls holds profound cultural and spiritual significance, particularly for the Baganda people. The name “Ssezibwa” itself is a local idiom, meaning “something endless.”

The tourism place is administered by the Buganda culture and tourism department since it is an essential part of Buganda’s history and beliefs. According to local legend, the falls are linked to the supernatural powers of the river Ssezibwa.

Legends of Birth and Flow of River Sezibwa

Acord to the folktales from the locals, a woman named Nakangu Tebatuusa left her marital home due to issues with her husband, Nsubuga Sebwaata. She was directed by her father to reconcile with the husband; the mother accompanied her and on the way she gave birth to twins in the form of water near her home. One river, named Bwanda, flowed towards the East to Nyenga, while the other, Sezibwa, flowed westward, encountering various obstacles.

Sezibwa faced challenges along its course, but was aided by a spirit named Nnalongo Nnkubo. This benevolent spirit settled in the area around the waterfalls, leading to the construction of shrines for worship. The birth of these rivers and the mystical presence of spirits have intertwined the falls with cultural practices and beliefs, making it a revered site for the Baganda people.

Biodiversity and Wildlife

The area surrounding Ssezibwa Falls teems with biodiversity as it is a home to small primates like Vervet and red-tailed monkeys that play amidst the rocks. Snakes, including the African cobra, green mambas, and horned adders, find their habitat here, showcasing the delicate balance between nature and wildlife. Other inhabitants of the area include otters, tadpoles, mongooses, and wild cats, creating a diverse ecosystem that enhances the allure of Ssezibwa Falls. 

Historical Plantings by Kings

Throughout history, Ssezibwa Falls has witnessed the reverence of Buganda kings who recognized its spiritual importance. In 1889, Kabaka Mwanga, charmed by the natural beauty of the falls, planted a wild olive tree, now known as the Mwanga tree. Over a century old, this tree stands as a living testament to the enduring connection between royalty and the falls.

Later, King Muteesa II also paid homage by planting a tree, acknowledging the spiritual significance of Ssezibwa Falls. In 2002, King Ronald Mwenda Mutebi II further solidified the falls’ importance by commissioning it as one of Buganda’s essential tourism sites, ensuring its preservation and recognition.

Spiritual Practices and Rituals at River Sezibwa

Ssezibwa Falls continues to be a site of spiritual significance for both locals and visitors. People from all over Uganda make pilgrimages to seek blessings for various aspects of their lives, including health, jobs, children, business, and families. Traditional healers, known as medicine men, invoke the gods or use local herbs to cure ailments ranging from diseases to toothaches and skin conditions.

The falls become a sacred space for rituals, where sacrifices are offered to win the favor of the gods. Offerings may include coffee beans, eggs, local beer, chickens, or even animals like sheep and goats. These rituals, rooted in ancient beliefs, are performed on top of the falls, and the offerings are dropped into the water to appease the gods and feed Ssezibwa.

Twins hold a special place in Buganda culture due to the legend of Ssezibwa Falls. Their birth is considered a blessing, and rituals are performed to appease the gods. Parents of twins receive special names such as Salongo (Father) or Nalongo (Mother), highlighting the cultural significance attributed to this unique phenomenon.

Blend of Traditions and religion

Despite the deep-rooted cultural practices, Ssezibwa Falls is not confined to one religious or cultural perspective. The Anglican church owns land close to the falls, where Christians come for retreats and meditation. The waters of Ssezibwa Falls also serve as a setting for baptism services, symbolizing the harmonious coexistence of traditional beliefs and Christian practices.

This unique blend of traditions further enriches the culture of Ssezibwa Falls, making it a destination where different features of Ugandan heritage converge. The falls, with their captivating history and diverse offerings, continue to be a place of contemplation, celebration, and connection with both the natural and spiritual realms.

How to get to Sezibwa river and falls

Once you set out from Kampala, one can use Kampala-jinja highway and turn right at Kayanja trading center onto a dirt road and it is 1.5km to the falls.however, the road transforms into murram as you approach the falls, making it essential to have a reliable 4 Wheel Drive Car, especially during the rainy season. As you’re traveling  it’s advisable to drive cautiously, keeping a keen eye out for the main junction directing you to the falls. Despite a signpost indicating the direction to the Ssezibwa River Resort, it’s easy to miss, so stay alert.

Upon passing through the main gate, crafted from reeds, you’re greeted by the soothing sounds of the waterfalls. The area is adorned with trees thus harboring wildlife species like birds . As you venture further into the facility, the waterfalls come into view, accompanied by a bridge that spans the river downstream. This bridge not only offers the best point to admire the falls but also provides an excellent spot for capturing memorable photos. Further after crossing the bridge, the landscape is adorned with rocks and more trees making it a good environment for relaxation. The entrance fee is UGX 10000 and the place is open throughout the year. In case one wants to experience the force of falls, it is advisable to visit during rainy seasons. 

 Activities to do at Sezibwa

Whether you’re arriving from a thrilling whitewater rafting experience in Jinja or exploring Mount Elgon in Eastern Districts of Uganda, Ssezibwa Falls offers  a variety of engaging activities which include; swimming, picnics, rock hikings, and among others. Further it emerges as a hidden oasis for relaxation and adventure. Being  in close proximity to Kampala, this destination stands out for its affordability, making it an ideal spot for a weekend retreat or a holiday break.  

Swimming

While the facility encourages caution, experienced swimmers can take a refreshing plunge into the pool below the falls. The clear and clean waters offer a tempting opportunity for a natural dip, making it a rewarding experience for those seeking a closer connection with nature.

Hiking and Climbing Rocks

This involves hiking atop the falls to view the River Ssezibwa cascading down the rocks from the thickets and trees. While the hike may pose a challenge for those less fit, the breathtaking views of the waterfalls and surrounding scenery make it a rewarding endeavor. On the way you may spot lizards and other creatures along the way.

Birdwatching

Tourists are involved in birdwatching amidst the forest surrounding Ssezibwa Falls. It is a home to over 50 bird species, the area becomes a sanctuary for birders. Spot African Finfoot and the Long-tailed Cormorant enjoying a swim at the foot of the falls, alongside other species like the African Grey Hornbill and Shining Blue Kingfisher.

Nature Walks

These are done in the surrounding forests, which feature bamboo, Muvule, Musizi, Mahogany, fig, Eucalyptus, and Ebony trees. It also has thickets and lushes. These nature walks are Guided by local experts as you are able to explore the diverse flora and fauna, spotting birds, butterflies, and small primates. Within these forests there are local farms and plantations and visitors are allowed to walk through  however the international tourists are charged $4. This money pays the guide and also helps in the conservation of the forests.

Village Walks

Experience the warmth of local hospitality with village walks through Ngogwe, Madudu, Wamala, and Kungu. Intentional tourists tend to have close counters with locals and local students tend to conduct fieldwork and research within this area. They find these walks an excellent opportunity to connect with African home life. The experience may include a nominal fee of 10,000 Uganda shillings per person.

Cultural Experience

Before the arrival and spread of christianity and other religions, Buganda had ancient cultural practices where they built many shrines that belonged to different deities which included Jajja Ssezibwa shrine.  The Buganda pay a visit to Jajja Ssezibwa’s Shrine which is located next to the waterfalls so as to gain insights into traditional religions, ancient gods, and spiritual beings. The shrine has several objects for spiritual use for instance, calabashes, coffee beans, pots, cowrie shells, backcloths, beans, spears, pangas and  among others. Smoke is witnessed rising from the falls during sacrifices made to water and other deities. Note that entry into the shrine is restricted, as women are not allowed to go inside the shrine which is built inside the cave. In addition men who have not engaged in sexual intercourse the day before are the only ones allowed to enter and certain cultural practices may be unfamiliar to those of different denominations.

Picnics and Camping

The presence of lush green gardens around Ssezibwa Falls provide an ideal setting for picnics, small family gatherings, and merry-making. Set up a picnic spot under tall trees, enjoying the cool breeze and the mesmerizing waterfalls. Those interested in camping can find nearly flat grounds after the bridge, offering a good environment with the sounds of birds and primates. It is advisable to bring your own supplies for a  camping experience including eats and drinks..

The Member States of the Non-Aligned Movement NAM and G77 unanimously chose Uganda to host the 19th Summit of the Heads of State and Government. This decision was made on January 21, 2020 and scheduled to take place from January 15th to 20th, 2024, at Speke Resort & Convention Center in Munyonyo. 

This summit serves as a platform for leaders to deliberate on crucial global issues, share insights, and collaborate. The guidelines aim to provide essential information, ensuring that participants are well-prepared for the proceedings. From logistics to security measures, the details are designed to facilitate a seamless experience for all attendees.

Uganda, in taking up the responsibility to host the 19th NAM Summit, reaffirms its dedication to the principles of the Non-Aligned Movement. By bringing together leaders from diverse backgrounds, the summit presents an opportunity to strengthen the bonds of solidarity and cooperation that lie at the core of NAM’s values.

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the Group of 77 (G77) summit stand as pillars of collaboration, uniting nations in their pursuit of a more equitable and just world order. These gatherings provide a platform for developing countries to voice their concerns, share experiences, and strategize on collective action. 

Uganda’s journey in NAM

In 1964, just two years after gaining independence from the British, Uganda joined the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) second summit which took place in Cairo, Egypt and 47 countries gathered. Uganda was on board and became an active player in a movement that stood for the Bandung Principles.

Uganda joined NAM by following Bandung Principles which included the idea of not picking sides in the Cold War, focusing on peace, and working together for development. Since then, Uganda has been a loyal member, actively participating in the movement’s goals.

Uganda’s membership in NAM has now lasted for 27 years as the principles move hand in hand with the 1995 Constitution laws which include; respecting international laws and treaties, being all about peaceful coexistence and not picking sides, solving problems with other countries peacefully and standing against any form of domination, racism, and other bad stuff.

History of NAM and G77

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

In 1955, the first big gathering of Asian and African nations was held in Bandung, Indonesia. They came together to talk about peace and development, at a time when many African nations were still under colonial rule. This became known as the Bandung Conference.

This happened when the world was caught up in the Cold War,a difficult time between big powers. But the countries at Bandung didn’t want to pick sides. Instead, they wanted to focus on their own independence struggles and economic growth.

In 1961, the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was officially introduced in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. At the first summit, 25 countries showed up, including  India, Egypt, and Cuba. They all shared a common goal and did not take sides in the Cold War and worked together for their own development.

NAM doesn’t have a charter or a permanent office but the chairmanship of the Movement changes hands, and the hosting country takes care of things which makes NAM unique.

Initially, NAM was all about political stuff, following the Bandung Principles. NAM’s core principles include respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of nations, non-interference in the internal affairs of member states, and the promotion of global peace and security. But as time went on, they also got into economic cooperation and social issues. The movement plays a crucial role in addressing contemporary challenges such as poverty, inequality, and climate change by fostering dialogue and cooperation among its diverse member nations. They were like a club of nations looking out for each other.

One of NAM’s big strengths is speaking up for global peace. They’ve been loud advocates for getting rid of nuclear weapons, fighting terrorism, and supporting the United Nations in keeping the peace. When COVID-19 hit, NAM stepped up too, helping the world recover. Today, NAM has grown into a formidable coalition of 120 member states, making it one of the largest groupings of countries in the world.

Group of 77 (G77) Summit

The Group of 77 was established in 1964 within the United Nations. G77 is a coalition of developing nations aimed at promoting economic cooperation and collectively addressing the challenges faced by its members. The G77 represents the interests of over two-thirds of the UN’s member states and is a vital force in shaping international economic policies.

Among the G77’s missions is the pursuit of economic development, social progress, and poverty eradication. The summit provides a platform for member states to articulate their common goals, share best practices, and formulate strategies for achieving sustainable development. This is done by fostering solidarity among developing nations, the G77 empowers its members to negotiate more effectively on the global stage, ensuring that the voices of the marginalized are heard and respected.

Common Objectives of NAM and G77

Both NAM and the G77 share common objectives rooted in the principles of equality, justice, and mutual respect. These forums serve as arenas for diplomatic discourse, allowing nations to collaborate on issues ranging from economic development to human rights.

By promoting a united front, NAM and the G77 amplify the influence of developing nations, challenging the existing power dynamics in the international arena.

As the world looks towards Uganda in January 2024, the spotlight will be on the country not just as a gracious host but as a beacon of diplomacy and collaboration. The 19th NAM Summit promises to be a milestone event, where nations unite under the banner of non-alignment to address the challenges and opportunities of our interconnected world. It is an occasion for Uganda to shine on the global stage and contribute to the ongoing narrative of international cooperation and shared progress.

Activities to be done after the NAM and G77 summit

Reptile Village is  located 3 km off the Kampala-Entebbe highway in Entebbe and was founded by Yasin Kazibwe in 2002. It was started so as to sensitize and educate people about protecting and conserving natural resources including forests, water bodies and among others. Yasin, a dedicated reptile expert, has rescued over 40 snake species and stands as a habitat  for reptiles where one can visit on Uganda safari tours.The Reptile Village serves as an educational center for reptile conservation and research and aims to be a habitat for diverse reptile species and a place for learning. 

Upon entering the village, there are purpose-built dens that offer an advantage for observing the daily lives of reptiles. Visitors can safely observe various reptiles, including snakes, chameleons, tortoises, crocodiles,cobras, Gaboon vipers, Nile monitor lizards, boomslangs, chameleons, leopard tortoises and monitor lizards, which are all securely housed in cages and large ponds. One of the highlights is the African rock python that is under the guidance of knowledgeable guides who share facts about reptiles, making the experience both educational and memorable. The caretakers interact with snakes freely with snakes showcasing a bond that defies the inherent dangers these creatures pose.

Strolling through the village, visitors encounter two basins, each showcasing a unique collection. One basin is home to various tortoise species, while the other hosts non-climbing reptiles. The experience extends to a point where camouflaging chameleons demonstrate their incredible ability to blend seamlessly with their surroundings.

For  more adventure, the nearby swamp unfolds additional reptiles, primates, birds, and fish. Sport fishing becomes an option for those seeking a different kind of thrill. These wetland walks offer a direct exploration of the reptile village, unveiling its hidden beauty with every step.

Canoeing is also one of other activities that can be done by visitors in a 3-kilometer manmade river stream within the reptile village. There is also a kids playground making it a suitable place for both adults and kids. 

How to get to Uganda Reptile village

Located 3 kilometers off the Kampala-Entebbe highway in Bunono village, the site opens its gates throughout the week from 8:00 am to 6:00 pm. The entrance fee is $8 dollars for adults and $5 dollars for kids. This money is collected so as to assist in the conservation of these species and also to improve the livelihoods of the caretakers. 

Tourist attractions near the Reptile village

There are various tourist places one can go to after visiting a reptile village. For instance; Ngamba Island chimpanzee sanctuary, Entebbe botanical gardens, Uganda Wildlife Education Center and Mabamba swamp

Entebbe botanical gardens

The Entebbe Botanical Gardens was established in 1898, located on the northern shores of Lake Victoria 40 minutes from Kampala. These gardens showcase a collection of tropical, subtropical, and temperate plants.

It is home to 309 plant species, including 199 indigenous to Uganda and 110 exotic varieties, with medicinal gardens, stands of bamboo, thick underbrush, and towering trees and flowers. These gardens are habitat to  primates like colobus, vervet monkeys and birds like Palm Nut Vultures, African Grey Parrots, and Bat Hawk. Botanical gardens offer other amenities like  swimming pools, leisure walks and parties. The best time to visit the gardens is during weekdays from Monday to Friday when they are not congested. 

Mabamba Swamp 

The swamp is located 51 km away from Kampala and 3km from Entebbe in Kasanje village, Wakiso district harboring over 260 bird species.. Mabamba is recognized as a Ramsar Site and became an Important Bird Area (IBA)which has made it a starting point for birding safaris in Uganda, easily accessible from Entebbe International Airport.

The key attraction in the swamp is the Shoebill Stork which is best spotted here along with other rare species like Papyrus Yellow Warbler, Blue Swallow, and Sitatunga. The swamp also hosts a range of birdlife, including Yellow-throated Greenbul, Yellow-backed Weaver, Grey Crowned Crane, Violet-backed Starling, Great Blue Turaco, and the colorful Orange Weaver.

Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary

The sanctuary is located on lake Victoria 23 kilometers southeast of Entebbe city. It was established in October 1998 to  serve as a habitat for orphaned eastern chimpanzees that were rescued by the Uganda Wildlife Authority, even those from various regions in East Africa. It is also an eco-friendly project, embracing sustainable practices like compost toilets, rainwater collection, proper waste management, and reliance on solar energy for electricity and hot water. 

Visitors are welcomed throughout the year, with a nominal entrance fee granting access to witness chimpanzee feedings and are offered both day and overnight experiences. Half-day tours start at 9am and end at 1pm, the second shift ends at 5pm. These day trips are offered with either speed boat where an individual pays $115 or slow motorized boat that cost $80. Children below 5 years dont pay and teenagers pay half the cost, those interested in caregiving experience pay $200 to engage in the activity. The overnight experiences are also offered and visitors pay $600. 

Under the management of the Chimpanzee Sanctuary and Wildlife Conservation Trust (CSWCT), a non-profit organization, Ngamba Island is a collaborative effort involving six dedicated organizations. These include the Born Free Foundation, International Fund for Animal Welfare, Jane Goodall Institute, Uganda Wildlife Conservation Education Centre (UWEC), Environmental Conservation Trust of Uganda (ECOTRUST), and Uganda Wildlife Society.

Uganda Wildlife Education Center

The center also known as zoo is located 4km from Entebbe and 36 km away from Kampala city in Entebbe Town  council. Uganda wildlife education center is a home to a number of wildlife including; rhinos, zebras, lions, cheetahs, giraffes, leopards among others. This is supported by different vegetation like savannah, wetlands and forest. The zoo is open from 8 am to 6pm and for best animal experience the recommended time is 4pm. The entrance fee is $15 and $10 for adults and children respectively who are non-residents. Ugandans pay 10000 and 5000 UGX for adults and children respectively. There are separate charges visitors pay in case they want to shoot videos, want guided walks and also parking fee.

Kagulu hill is located in Buyende district, Busoga sub-region in eastern Uganda on the southern shores of Lake Kyoga. The peak of the hill is 1,067 meters above sea level which offers a view of Lake Kyoga depression. it is also bordered by the Victoria Nile to the west, the Mpologoma River to the east, and Lake Victoria to the south.

Relationship between Kagulu hill and Basoga

Besides the natural scenery, Kagulu hill embodies the historical migration of the Basoga from east to west. According to oral legend, the Basoga are a Bantu speaking group that came from Mount Elgon. The ancestors of the Basoga including Mukama Namutukula and his wife Nawudo traveled through the present day areas of the Teso, Lango, Buganda and stayed in the Bunyoro Kitara empire.

When he reached Lango, he climbed up Kaweri hill, which lies in the middle of Lake Kyoga and sighted certain hills such as Kasato and Kagulu hill. Kagulu attracted his attention given that the rocky hill has a relatively smooth surface and huge caves. Mukama secured shelter on the hill and gave birth to many sons including Ibanda and Nyiro whom he gave land around the hill. The population of his descendants from both Bunyoro and Busoga increased and formed 11 clans.

These clans have customs and livelihoods that define their unique way of life which sets them apart from the neighboring communities of Buganda to the south, Bunyoro to the west, Lango to the north, and Teso to the north east. For instance, the traditional ways of worshiping among the Basoga, their indigenous foods, medicine, dress code, among other aspects of culture. Each clan became a chiefdom led by a chief which united together and formed Busoga kingdom in 1939.

Today, Busoga is made up of 11 clans of which the king is elected from the royal five hereditary clans. Busoga kingdom spans across 11 districts east of the source of the Nile which include Bugiri, Bugweri, Buyende, Iganga, Kaliro, Kamuli, Luuka, Mayuge, Namayingo, Namutumba, and Jinja. The kingdom’s royal palace of Kyabazinga is found on Igenge hill 5 km from the Jinja city at the source of the Nile river.

Kagulu hill offers an opportunity to explore the oral history and cultural heritage of the Busoga people. Kigulu cultural museum located in Iganga district  84 km south of Kigulu rock contains various traditional objects and artifacts sheltered under a historical house of the Kigulu chief. There have been efforts to preserve and promote the hill as a cultural heritage site as well as improve accessibility and visitation.

The annual Kagulu hill climbing challenge was commissioned in 2012 to create jobs for site guides. The event is organized every year by the Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities in partnership with Uganda Tourism Board, Busoga kingdom and Ministry of Busoga Tourism Initiative. For instance, the Kagulu rock climbing challenge in 2023 was organized under the theme “Creating Employment through Digital Tourism.”

The chief guest of honor was His Majesty William Wilberforce Nadiope IV Gabula the king of Busoga kingdom. Young people are encouraged to take advantage of the internet to promote Uganda through social media, travel photography, and content marketing. The next 2024 Kagulu rock climbing challenge is to be announced through the official social media handles. The trip usually includes visiting other attractions in Eastern Uganda such as Kyabazinga Royal Palace, Jinja source of the Nile, Mount Elgon national park, Sipi falls Kapchorwa, Nyero rock paintings, Mpanga and Mabira central forest reserves. Uganda safaris are available for booking through a tour operator. 

How to get there

Kagulu hill is 160 km (4-hour drive) north east of Kampala capital city and 104 km (2-hour drive) north of Jinja source of the Nile. Using the Kamuli road from Jinja, the hill is 41 km away from Kamuli town. The roads can be challenging due to the nature of terrain and the use of a 4×4 vehicle is needed to get there.

Wanale ridge is located in Bumboi village, Busamaga parish, Bungokho-Mutoto sub-county Mbale district, Eastern Uganda. The trailhead for hiking Wanale is 16 km east of Mbale city via Busamaga primary school road. Wanale ridge rises 1,749 meters above sea level at the foothills of Mount Elgon, an extinct volcano that straddles the borders of Uganda and Kenya.

According to the U.S Geological Survey, Mt. Elgon was formed during the Pleistocene epoch almost 2.5 million years ago, making for one of the oldest volcanic mountains on earth. Geographers assert that Elgon was once the highest mountain in Africa, however. The volcano erupted  and collapsed into its magma chamber leaving a large caldera which measures 6.5 km across.

The caldera’s floor contains swamps and several crater-filled freshwater lakes such as Jackson’s pool at 4,200 m.a.s.l. Mount Elgon is a source of over 8 rivers and 10 waterfalls including the famous Sipi falls in Kapchorwa district. Wanale is one of the biggest cliffs and contains the Namatsyo waterfalls where water cascades over the rocks. The west and north west slopes of Mount Elgon are characterized by unique physical features which include cliffs, deep valleys and gorges, ancient caves, and rocks.

The highest peak Wagagai stands at 4,321 meters above sea level and lies in Uganda’s Mount Elgon national park. Elgon is the 2nd tallest mountain in Uganda and 4th in East Africa. Climbing to the summit of Wagagai is done in Mount Elgon national park and takes 4-5 days. Trekking in Elgon requires no use of special equipment. Hikers need to carry camping gears. Mount Elgon national park comprises 4 vegetation zones which include acacia scrub with open expanses of grassland, montane forest, bamboo and afro-alpine.

The protected area was designated as a UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve due to the rich cultural heritage and biodiversity including 296 species of birds, over 30 mammal species, 273 tree species, and 171 butterfly species. Wanale offers a great day hike from Mbale for those with limited time to summit Wagagai. It also presents the opportunity to explore some of the flora and fauna. For instance, the endemic bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus), a unique bird of prey also known as the lammergeier.

You can also see some plant species like the ‘Artemisia’ plant, a medicine and repellent against malaria. The hike is ideal for those with moderate fitness levels and may take about 45 min – 1 hour to complete. Those intending to hike Wanale ridge should pack items like drinking water, packed lunch and snacks.  A hiking stick, sturdy shoes and clothing depending on the day’s weather forecast. The falls that flow over the ridge form a subterranean river that flows through caves beneath the surface and re-emerges further downstream.

Hiking Wanale ridges also involves exploring the caves such as Khaukha cave which were used by the local communities living on the mountain in ancient times. There are four tribes that live on Mount Elgon which include the Bagisu and Sabinyi in Uganda and the Kalenjin and Babukusu on the Kenyan side. They’re closely related and speak relatively the same language. Wanale ridge lies outside the park within the Bagisu community which offers an opportunity to discover their traditions and history.

A memorable experience awaits with the help of a local tour guide from Mount Elgon national park. According to a local legend, the ridge was named after Wanale, one of the sons of Masaba, the founding father of the Bagisu people. He lived on the mountain and all his descendants refer to Elgon as Mount Masaba.

The Bagisu themselves are also known as the Bamasaba. One of their sacred ancient traditions is known as Imbalu, a circumcision ritual of initiating boys aged 16-22 years old into manhood. Imbalu features Kadodi, the traditional dance of the Bagisu and has been practiced for over 200 years. Held every year at Mutoto cultural site in Mbale city, Imbalu has become one of the biggest cultural festivals in Uganda. According to a local legend, Wanale hill is regarded as a place where Imbalu might have originated. The theory is also cited in a JSTOR Journal article titled: “The Historical origins of Circumcision Among the Bamasaba”

They lived by hunting game, gathering wild honey and food which wasn’t sustainable for long. They descended from the higher to the lower slopes of the mountain where the rich volcanic soil is fertile for farming. When the Europeans arrived, they introduced exotic animals and crops including Arabica coffee and white chicken. Wanale reared the white chickens and locally became well-known as Singokho, a local dialect meaning someone who likes white chicken.

While Wanale preferred to live around Elgon, one of his brothers called Kundu traveled from east to central and met the Baganda people who occupy the present day central part of Uganda. They admired his knowledge and geographical skills and accepted him as one of their leaders. Buganda emerged a powerful kingdom by the 19th century and the British declared it a protectorate in 1894. With British support, Buganda expanded and eventually subdued all other kingdoms to make Uganda.

One of the local chiefs of Buganda known as Semei Kakungulu was influenced to bring some of the Bagisu communities under the British.  He established a residence near Mbale city and cultivated a new cult known as the Jewish community in Uganda. Kakungulu was fascinated by the beauty of Wanale ridge and gave it a new name Nkokonjeru to invoke the memory of white chickens that Wanale reared. Besides Wanale ridge, Mbale city is also home to over 20 historical buildings and monuments such as Semei Kakugulu’s House and camping site and Nabugoye Jewish Synagogue.