Situated in the northwest of Lake Victoria, the Ssese Islands consist of 84 individual islands. Some of these islands are large and have a dense population, while others are small and uninhabited. These Ssese islands are lushly forested due to the annual rainfall exceeding 2000mm. The largest island in the Ssese group is Buggala, which accounts for more than half of the archipelago’s land area and lies 40 km southwest of Entebbe as the crow flies. Buggala’s principal settlement is Kalangala, which serves as the administrative center of the Kalangala district, encompassing a terrestrial component of 468 sq km and 8635 sq km of open water.

The Ssese Islands have a checkered history as a tourist destination. In the mid-1990s, when tourism to Uganda was still dominated by backpackers, Buggala emerged as the country’s most popular word-of-mouth chill-out destination. However, that changed later in the decade with the discontinuation of the Port Bell ferry, limiting safe access to Buggala to a more roundabout approach via Masaka and Bukakata. This shift opened the way for the more accessible Lake Bunyonyi to capture the hearts of independent travelers.

In recent years, the introduction of a daily passenger ferry from Entebbe has sparked a renaissance in tourism activity on Buggala, although facilities now cater more to Kampala weekenders than to backpackers. That said, Buggala, with its scenic lake vistas and practically limitless opportunities for casual rambling along lush, forest-fringed roads and footpaths, remains an utterly beguiling retreat. This is especially true on weekdays and for those seeking a more off-the-beaten-track and uncontrived alternative to the ever-busy Bunyonyi.

Wildlife in Ssese islands

This archipelago boasts a covering of mid-latitude rainforest, akin in composition to the forest that once covered the adjacent mainland. However, it is far less affected by agriculture and other forms of encroachment. The vervet monkey, a common large terrestrial mammal, is frequently spotted in the vicinity of Lutoboka and Kalangala. While bushbuck and black-and-white colobus are also present, they are seldom observed.

After Buggala became an island, unique animals developed there that can’t be found anywhere else. One special type of creek rat and three types of butterflies evolved just on Buggala. These creatures are exclusive to the island, making Buggala a special home for them.The diversity of water and forest birds is prolific. Expect to see a variety of hornbills, turacos, barbets, robin-chats, weavers, and flycatchers around Kalangala. Particularly common are the jewel-like pygmy kingfisher, intermediate to the orange and white phases. African fish eagles and palm nut vultures are often seen near the lake, while breeding colonies of little egret and great cormorant occur on Lutoboka and other bays.

History of Ssese islands

Little is known about the early inhabitants of Ssese, but some oral traditions linked to the creation of Buganda suggest that its founder, Kintu, hailed from the islands or at least arrived in Buganda via them. The Baganda traditionally hold Ssese in high regard as the islands of the gods. In pre-colonial times, it was customary for the kings of Buganda to visit the islands and pay tribute to several Balubaale, whose main shrines are located there. These included shrines to Musisi, the spirit of earthquakes, and Waneema, responsible for physical handicaps on Bukasa Islands, as well as the shrine to Mukasa, the spirit of the lake, on Bubembe.

Some Baganda historical sources romanticize this relationship, claiming that in pre-colonial times, Ssese, due to its exalted status, was never attacked by Buganda, nor was it formally incorporated into the mainland kingdom. In reality, while Ssese probably enjoyed a degree of autonomy, it was clearly a vassal of Buganda. Revering the island’s spirits, Stanley recorded that they looked down on their human inhabitants for their coal-black color, timidity, superstition, and generally unclean life.

One of the most popular legends associated with a deity from the Ssese Islands dates back to the mid-16th century war when Buganda, led by King Nakibinge, was being overwhelmed in a war against Bunyoro. Nakibinge visited the islands seeking support and was offered the assistance of the local king’s youngest son, Kibuuka, who leaped to the mainland in one mighty bind to join the war against Bunyoro. Despite his tall and powerful stature, Kibuuka, meaning “the flier,” possessed unique fighting skills.As a human-like deity, he could fly above clouds and surprise enemies by throwing spears from the sky. The enemies were confused as they couldn’t figure out where the deadly attacks were coming from. Led by Kibuuka’s aerial attacks, route followed route, and the tide of war swiftly reversed in Nakibinge’s favor as the Baganda army advanced deeper into Bunyoro territory.

Even though Buganda emerged victorious in the war, Kibuuka didn’t live long enough to enjoy the rewards of their triumph. After a victorious battle, Baganda soldiers captured Banyoro maidens, and one of them was given to Kibuuka as his companion. Kibuuka shared his secret with the Munyoro girl, only to discover the next morning that she had vanished overnight. The next day, Kibuuka ascended into the sky as he always did, but this time, he faced a storm of spears and arrows from the Banyoro below. He was wounded by the projectiles and fell into a tall tree. The following morning, an elder discovered Kibuuka in the tree and tried to rescue him. However, in the process, Kibuuka accidentally fell to the ground, where he succumbed to his injuries upon impact.

The scrotum, penis, testes, and other parts of the great Ssese warrior, now regarded as the greatest Lubale of war, were preserved in a shrine where his spirit could be called upon before important battles. The shrine, located near Mpanga Forest, can still be visited, as can a nearby shrine to Nakibinge, also revered as a deity for his successful campaign against Bunyoro. The shrine to Kibuuka was desecrated by the British during the colonial era, and its contents, including his jawbone, are on display in a museum in Cambridge.

How Ssese islands became to be in Buganda’s region

The Bassese people, residing on the islands and speaking a distinct Bantu language closely related to Luganda, were, as described by Stanley, the principal canoe builders and the majority of sailors for Buganda. They played a verifiable though less overtly aggressive role in Buganda’s expansionism during the second half of the 19th century. At this time, Kabaka Suuna and his successor Mutesa dispatched regular military fleets of 300 fighting canoes across Lake Victoria to present-day northwestern Tanzania. These fleets consisted almost entirely of canoes built on Ssese, which, in comparison with the simple dugouts used on the mainland, were highly sophisticated in design. They were constructed with several pieces of interlocking timber and boasted an extended prow that could be used to batter other boats.

Speke described a fleet of boats vividly: “Around fifty large boats, painted with red clay, each with ten to thirty paddles. They had long fronts resembling the neck of a swan or siphon, and at the head, there were horns of the nsuunu (kob) antelope with a tuft of feathers stuck upright, like a grenadier’s plume.” The islanders were better at rowing and navigating than their Baganda neighbors on land. Even though they didn’t directly fight, they usually powered and steered the war fleets.

In the late 19th century, the demands of the Buganda military imposed a heavy burden on the Ssese economy. So much so that in 1898, the islanders petitioned the British governor, complaining that they were regarded in Uganda as being inferior and subordinate to that country. They stated that the severe strain upon the island’s labor resources was so serious that it endangered the canoe services, now essential with the increasing demands on Victoria Nyanza Lake transport. In 1900, an agreement between Buganda and Britain placed Ssese and nine other formerly autonomous counties under the full jurisdiction of Buganda. In the next decade, Ssese faced a serious sleeping sickness outbreak, causing the government to move 25,000 islanders to the mainland due to the high number of yearly deaths.

The resettlement of Ssese happened slowly, mainly because of a sleeping sickness epidemic. By the mid-1990s, the total population of the island was believed to be fewer than 20,000. But since then, the number of people living there has grown quickly. It doubled from about 35,000 in 2002 to an estimated 70,000 in 2015.

Economic activity on Ssese islands   

Although much of the land remains uncultivated and supports a cover of natural forest, Buggala also hosts a major palm oil industry. Until recently, it mainly consisted of local farmers who grew a few oil palm trees on their small holdings and sold the produce to the Jinja-based processor Bidco Uganda. This changed in 2011 when Oil Palm Uganda Limited (OPUL), a subsidiary of Bidco, controversially cleared 61 sq km of natural forest and small holdings west of Kalangala to make way for new oil palm plantations. Displaced local community members, some of whom were effectively squatters but nevertheless lost their homes or livelihoods in the land grab, have since taken OPUL to court demanding compensation.

Major Ssese islands

The Ssese Islands are divided into two main groups – the Koome Group and the BugalaGroup. The Bugala group is located in the southwest of Bugala Island, which is the largest in the group. It includes Bukasa, Serinya, Bubeke, Funve, Bufumira, Buyova, and Bugaba. The Koome Group islands are found after Koome Island, which is the largest in the group. They include Luwaji, Damba, and Koome.

While Buggala continues to be the primary tourist hub on the Ssese Archipelago, a noteworthy number of travelers also venture to the petite Banda Island. Additionally, other islands such as Bubeke, Bukasa, and Bufumbira can be visited with varying degrees of ease. Each island offers its unique charm, providing visitors with distinct experiences amidst the picturesque landscapes of Lake Victoria.

Ngamba island

Ngamba Island is mainly rainforest covering an area of about 100 acres that was transformed into a sanctuary for rescued and orphaned chimps in 1998. Ngamba Chimpanzee Sanctuary attracts a number of visitors each month who come to track chimps or volunteer as caretakers. Besides the chimps, Ngamba Island is home to over 119 species of birds and creatures like monitor lizards. Occasionally, hippos and crocodiles also visit the island.

The key attraction on Ngamba Island is the chimpanzees. These chimpanzees are brought here after being rescued from animal traffickers and some when their parents succumb to poaching. Upon arrival, the chimps are often traumatized from their harrowing experiences with poachers or animal traffickers. To prevent bullying by the adult chimps, the orphans are initially separated and gradually introduced to the rest of the community.

Visitors to Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary have the opportunity to watch the chimps being fed before they return to the forest. Volunteers can actively participate in feeding the adults and assisting the orphans in adapting to life on the island.

Bugala islands

The island covers an area of over 205 square kilometers and stands as the largest among the Ssese Islands as it ranks as the 10th largest lake island globally. Bugala is the most popular and frequently visited island, being the most developed and suitable for tourists. It hosts Kalangala town, the administrative capital for most of the other islands. To reach the island, ferries dock at Luku.

Bugala Island boasts numerous hills, each offering splendid views of the lake, passing boats and ferries, as well as the bustling human activities taking place on the island.The island is a home to the largest palm oil plantation in Uganda that  creates employment opportunities for island residents. Bugala Island offers birdwatching and primate viewing; most common primates on the island include Vervet Monkey,  Colobus monkeys, bushbucks, and snakes can also be spotted. The southern end of the island is home to a small population of hippos. Bugala Island serves as a sanctuary for three endemic species: creek rats and three types of butterflies.

Due to significant human activity and revelers on Bugala Island, it tends to be noisy over the weekend. For those that need quieter and more remote visit islands like Bulago, Bukasa, and Banda are recommended. 

Bulago island

Bulago Island is one of the largest of the Ssese Islands and covers an area of over 510 acres, approximately 2 miles in length. The island has sandy beaches and it is surrounded by numerous cliffs and protruding rocks. Bulago Island is an ideal destination for nature walks and a peaceful escape from the noisy city. From one of the hills on the island, visitors are rewarded with stunning views of the lake and distant islands.

Bulago Island is also a home to avian life, attracting both resident and migratory birds that gather to feed on the abundant fish and inland insects. One can get  to Bulago Island by using a speedboat from Munyonyo which takes approximately 45 minutes.

Lutoboka island

There’s more to this beautiful bay than a ferry jet. Located 1 km downhill from Kalangala, the bay is sandy, forest-fringed, and offers a variety of beach activities, including swimming, although bilharzia is certainly a risk. Canoeing is also available at some resorts, along with the new nine-hole golf course at Ssese Islands. The forest encircling the bay hosts a wealth of birdlife, best seen from the dirt road running northwest of the jetty towards Victoria Forest Resort.

Other  islands

The second-largest island in Ssese is Bukasa, situated on the eastern end of the archipelago and widely regarded as even more attractive than Buggala.The island is covered in dense forest, which is home to a wide variety of birds and monkeys. You can explore the island by walking along well-maintained roads, with the path to Rwanabatya being especially suggested as a great route to take. Individual points of interest on Bukasa include the beach at Misenyi Bay, a plunge pool ringed by the forest, and a waterfall. Several other small, mostly uninhabited islands can be reached by fishing boat as day trips from Buggala.

What to see and do on Ssese Islands

There are a variety of activities and excursions on Buggala Island. If you don’t fancy exploring on foot, you can also enjoy a cruise safari in Kalangala or rent bikes. 

Sport Fishing

Sport fishing is one of the activities done in Uganda as it is always organized by various fishing villages as they aim at catching  the largest fish. The most caught types of fish include Tilapia, but the ultimate prize is landing the Nile Perch, the largest fish in Lake Victoria. International visitors interested in sport fishing must obtain a fishing permit. One to do this activity should have a fishing gear which can be rented from the islands at a reasonable price

Although, it’s advisable to bring your own equipment for a better experience. If, for some reason, you prefer not to venture into the water yourself, you can simply observe the fishermen from a distance as they cast their nets. Incase one want to do this activity should organize with the tour operator for better experience

Village and Nature Walks

The Ssese Islands boast ample forest cover which provides opportunities for walks amidst lush greenery and vibrant flowers. Explore and visit one of the fishing villages to gain insight into the daily lives of the local people. It’s important to note that poverty and underdevelopment are still prevalent issues in the Ssese Islands. Many fishermen, despite their hard-earned income, often spend money on alcohol and other indulgences.

Visit the Nanziri Waterfalls

These waterfalls are located on Bukasa Island near Wanema’s shrine and the sacred Nanziri cave, these mysterious waterfalls are considered sacred by the locals. Visitors are required to remove their shoes and speak in very low tones as a sign of respect. The local guide will inform you of the rules to be followed while in this place.

While at the waterfalls, you will observe remnants of various sacrifices made to Nanziri, and considered to be the god of the waterfalls, and other spirits. These sacrifices made include coins, pieces of meat, and coffee beans. People from different walks of life visit this place to seek blessings, protection, wealth, and fertility. Fishermen, in particular, frequent the site to seek blessings before heading out to fish. The locals even believe that the water from the falls can cure various diseases.

Cultural Visit 

The Ssese Islands stand as one of the last strongholds of Buganda’s ancient cultural practices. For those interested in learning more about Buganda’s traditional religions and culture, a visit to the Kihumuro Cave. The cave is about 40 meters long having a wide entrance with a small exit. In Baganda  it is believed that the ancient gods and spirits rested in these caves. The custodian and his assistants of the caves are fond of smoking pipes as they pray to the gods like “Muwanga Jajja.” Those visiting the cave are supposed to remove shoes and follow specific rules.Inside the cave, you’ll find ancient artifacts like old spears, coffee seeds, bark clothes, and other sacred objects. This cave is often visited by important people in Uganda who seek blessings for their businesses and careers.

Another interesting place to explore is Wanema’s shrine in Bubeke. This shrine is well-organized and located in a large grass-thatched hut surrounded by a fence made of reeds. The shrine is attended by women and are always willing to share information about its origin. Those visiting this place pictures are not allowed, and there are other rules to follow to avoid offending the spirits. Sacrifices, such as chickens, goats, money, or even monkeys, are offered by those seeking answers to their worldly problems or claiming to have had their problems solved. However these ancient practices are gradually fading away. And many youth are leaving the islands for greener pastures, where they discover broader opportunities instead of remaining tied to these gods associated with smoke. Christianity and Islam are the two main religions in Uganda nowadays. Even though some people still visit the traditional shrines quietly, many are afraid to be linked with them. They worry about being judged as bad or old-fashioned.

Wildlife Viewing

The Ssese Islands are home to various primate species, including Vervet and Colobus Monkeys. Crocodiles occasionally visit some of the smaller islands, while hippos can be observed in the southwestern shores of Bugala. These large mammals, along with the elusive Sitatunga, favor the marshy shorelines due to lower human visitation. The Sitatunga in the Ssese Islands have evolved to have larger horns compared to those seen in wetlands elsewhere.

Quad Biking

Tourists can use quad bikes to explore the Ssese Islands, allowing them to visit the beaches, forests, and fishing villages while enjoying a great ride along the way. These quad bikes are primarily used on Bugala Island since they are all-terrain and do not require anyone’s prior experience with a motorbike. People of all ages can use these bikes, but the experience is even more enjoyable when done with friends or family. A training session is provided before heading out to the established circuits. Given the substantial size of Bugala Island, it’s advisable to bring a packed lunch. Quad biking for one hour costs approximately 70,000 Ugandan shillings.

Chimpanzee Tracking in Ngamba Island

Ngamba Island was established by the government and the Jane Goodall Foundation as a sanctuary for rescued chimpanzee orphans. Visitors are welcome to offer volunteer work on the island or simply visit to observe the chimpanzees in their natural habitat. Feeding the chimpanzees at the sanctuary is a popular activity among tourists, and the island also provides opportunities for birdwatching and boat cruises.

How to access Ssese Islands

There are two reliable options for reaching Buggala—either using a direct ferry from Entebbe or taking a more roundabout route via Masaka and Bukakata. When the Entebbe ferry is non-operational, you could also use a motorized lake taxi from nearby Kasenyi, which comprises the only public transport to the other smaller islands. However, it is possible to charter a lake taxi from Lutoboka to Banda Island.

By ferry from Entebbe

The MV Kalangala is a daily passenger and vehicle ferry service that connects Lutoboka Port on Buggala Island to Nakiwogo Port, which lies 3 km west of central Entebbe. The ferry departs from Nakiwogo at 14:00 daily and starts the return trip from Lutoboka at 8 am the next morning. It offers first and second-class seats, and vehicles are charged for a one-way crossing. Additionally, there is an option to park vehicles in a compound at Nakiwogo for a small fee. Onboard, passengers can purchase bottled drinks and snacks.

By ferry via Bukakata

A free vehicle ferry service connects the mainland port of Bukakata, which is 40 km east of Masaka city, to Luto, which is 30 km west of Kalangala, several times daily. Two different ferries cross back and forth regularly between 8:00 and 18:00, taking 30 minutes. However, the connection between their real-time movements and the complicated timetable posted at the port is tenuous at best. Therefore, it’s best to just show up when it suits you, as you may wait more than an hour for the next boat.

To reach Bukakata in a private vehicle, you can follow either of the routes to Lake Nabugabo. Using public transport, a reliable daily bus service to Kalangala via Bukakata leaves Kampala New Taxi Park at 8 am. Coming from Masaka, a few matatus run daily between Nyendo and Kalangala via Bukakata.

By lake taxi from Kasenyi

The main port for motorized lake taxis is Ssese Kasenyi, which lies 5 km east of Entebbe town as the crow flies but 11 km away by road. Lake taxis to Lutoboka tend to be overloaded and frequently capsize during stormy weather, causing up to 100 fatalities annually, so they cannot be recommended. Lake taxis from Kasenyi to Banda or Bukasa islands are no safer, but since they are the only direct option from the mainland, many travelers opt to use them.

Bethel chapel is nestled on Biku Hill 18 km drive from Nebbi Town in Uganda and recognized as the world’s smallest church. It was discovered by two UN officials, Solomon Oleny and Miburu, during their  mission.  This petite architectural marvel holds pride in Uganda’s heritage.

The church was constructed in 1996 and named after retired Ugandan Arch-Bishop Orombi Henry Luke and Korean figure Song, the Chapel is renowned for its outstanding design. This religious sanctuary has a distinctive purpose, accommodating only three individuals, including the preacher. This emphasizes an intimate and personal connection with spirituality.

Construction and Features on the church

Bethel church was constructed with 79 bags of cement with an intention of lasting for 500 years, it  has 10 prayer points each having a different symbol giving people a chance to pray for different things as well as meditating. The first prayer point is located at the top of the hill where a big cross lies and it’s where the prayers start. The second is a Lilliputian building that is constructed in memory of Jesus christ. The building has 12 windows in the east and west that represent the 12 disciples of Jesus Christ and the place always receives pilgrims that come from Sudan, Rwanda, DRC, Kenya and Tanzania. Further, at this same point one is able to have views of Namrwodho falls which harbors a number of shoebill stork 

The prayer point three was crafted in the shape of a map of Africa and it has two entrances and 10 windows symbolizing the ten commandments of God. This point converges islamic believers and other religions that come to praise the Lord.

Prayer points 4,5 and 6 are stationed in the quiet garden as the prayer point 4 was constructed in the heart with a cross formed by 33 stones that represent the 33 years of Jesus christ.

The prayer point 5 was crafted in the form of an arrow head symbolizing the speed of the youth and it has 66 windows which represent the 66 books in the bible as the 39 books from the old testament and the 27 in the new testament. The point has three doors crafted inform of a standing man, this represents those who are well equipped with the gods word 

The sixth point was constructed in the altar shape with rough stones on the cross; this represents the living testimony that the church is a living offering to Christ’s mission and the stones justify that christians are living stones.

The prayer point 7 was constructed in the globe shape and is located at the back of rock with an open-end cave as the base. In case one wants to pray from here, you have to crawl from one side to another which symbolises Christ’s suffering. While crawling, one crawls in the cave’s darkness experiencing terrifying thoughts and this takes about five minutes.

The eighth point demonstrates the smallest church in the world, Bethel church has 12 windows at the entrance which represent the 12 stones of  Aaron breast (12 tribes of all saints). There are seven beams on the ceiling of the church that are used to demonstrate the seven colors of rainbow. The rainbow in the bible represents God’s covenant of not not destroying the world again with floods. The window on the east offers a view to the cross that is placed on top offering an opportunity to christians to look up to Jesus. The midpoint of the church is purposely for spiritual healing for people who come to meet God in a unique way to get vision for their future and become the behold soldiers of gospel. The prayer point was built in the womb shape along the main chapel and it’s the smallest of all. However, it is not accessed by the clergy and tourists as well. This chapel indeed holds the title of the world’s tiniest church with a capacity for only three people including the priest. It surpasses the renowned Living Water Wayside Chapel in Canada which was previously mistaken for the smallest church. The Canadian chapel, along the Niagara River in Ontario was built by the Christian Reformed Church in 1969 and can accommodate six people.

However, the Guinness Book of World Records, acknowledged the Canadian chapel, might need to reconsider its standings in light of the recent discovery of the smallest church in Uganda

How the smallest church was discovered 

As Solomon Oleny, Miburu, and their companion Godfred ascended Biku Hill during a UN mission, they unexpectedly stumbled upon the Chapel that was situated on top of the hill.  The humble stone-built structure standing 8 ft tall and 2.5 meters wide caught their attention. The chapel is an integral part of a prayer center on the mountain that is designed to foster a unique relationship between Christians and God by offering a secluded space for personal worship.

Religion Tourism

Uganda has become a destination for religious tourism, with the Chapel on Biku Hill serving as a focal point for Christians seeking moments of prayer and reflection. Its tranquil setting and symbolic humility draw numerous visitors, creating a sacred space for spiritual contemplation.

The Chapel has played a significant role in popularizing religious tourism in Uganda. It retraces the steps of the martyrs from Busega to Munyonyo, passing through Natete and Kisenyi, offering a historical and spiritual journey for those who visit.

In 2020, the President of Uganda, H.E. Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, officially launched the construction site in Katonga, Mpigi District, where the UPDF is diligently working on the Uganda National Military Museum.

President Museveni, during the launch, expressed optimism about the project’s potential. The estimated cost of the museum is Ugx 110 billion, and it is anticipated to become a marvel, significantly contributing to the growth of tourism in Uganda.

The President, during the groundbreaking ceremony, recommended the inclusion of portraits of historical figures like the late Muammar Gaddafi, Julius Nyerere, and Samora Machel at the site, acknowledging their significant contributions to the struggle.

Katonga holds numerous memories of NRA historical figures, and the primary objective of this military museum is to preserve and conserve the rich history of the Uganda.

Harriet Nabunnya, a technical officer from the UPDF, provided insights into the project, stating that the military museum would cover the country’s military history dating back to 1894. She explained that the army would acquire items associated with the military museum from private individuals and recreate what is unavailable based on existing pictures.

In August 2022, an 8-person delegation from the UPDF undertook a benchmarking mission to South Africa. The goal was to gain knowledge and insights from the South African National Defense Force regarding the construction and operation of military museum. This visit is crucial as Uganda moves into the implementation phase of its first military museum at Katonga.

Upon completion, this museum is poised to be the largest military museum in Africa, surpassing those in Algeria and Egypt.

Col. Akiiki, the UPDF deputy spokesperson, expressed confidence that with the involvement of the UPDF Engineering Brigade, the project will proceed as planned without any doubt.

According to Col. Deo Akiiki, the center is expected to significantly boost tourism in the country. It is anticipated that both local and international tourists will flock to the site to marvel at its unique architectural design and the diverse array of items on display.

About the NRA

The National Resistance Army (NRA), the military arm of the National Resistance Movement (NRM), emerged as a rebel force during the Ugandan Bush War or Luwero War. This guerrilla conflict was waged against the governments of Milton Obote and later Tito Okello. The NRA received support from Muammar Gaddafi.

In 1981, the NRA came into existence through the merger of Yoweri Museveni’s Popular Resistance Army (PRA) and ex-president Yusuf Lule’s Uganda Freedom Fighters (UFF). Museveni, then leader of the Uganda Patriotic Movement party, alleged electoral fraud after the disputed 1980 general election and declared armed rebellion.

Museveni, drawing on his guerrilla warfare experience with Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO) in Mozambique and his own Front for National Salvation (FRONASA) formed in Tanzania to combat Idi Amin which led the to victory of NRA against Ugandan National Liberation Army  (UNLA) in 1986. When the NRA entered Kampala in 1986, about a quarter of its 16,000 combatants were Banyarwanda, and Fred Rwigema served as its deputy commander, marking the transformation of the NRA into the national army.

Subsequently, the UNLA conducted attacks against civilians in northern Uganda, largely targeting the Acholi people as a form of retaliation for Operation Bonanza, a scorched-earth operation ordered by Milton Obote during his presidency.

From 1986 to 1990, the Museveni regime sought to quell insurgencies and establish control over the army. Despite government claims of defeating the UNLA and other rebel groups, insurgent activity persisted, especially in the northern, eastern, and western regions. In April 1988, 3,000 former Uganda People’s Army (UPA) fighters and members of other rebel groups accepted a government amnesty, surrendering and declaring support for Museveni’s regime. In June 1988, a peace agreement was reached with Uganda People’s Democratic Army (UPDA) commander Lieutenant Colonel John Angelo Okello. Although the NRA integrated many UPA and UPDA members, some rejected the peace accord and continued to resist the NRA.

Following the passing of the 1995 Ugandan constitution, the NRA was renamed the Uganda People’s Defence Force (UPDF).

Why Katonga for National Military Museum  

Katonga has a significant history of Uganda wars, playing a crucial role in the military history of Uganda and even in the pre-colonial periods of Bunyoro and Buganda. Katonga Bridge and its surrounding “strategic areas” were pivotal in the sequence of events that led to the overthrow of President Idi Amin Dada in April 1979. In October 1978, Ugandan Army soldiers crossed the southern border and launched attacks in Tanzania’s Kagera region.

President Amin subsequently declared Kagera part of Uganda, as thousands of Ugandans, including soldiers who fled following the 1971 military coup that brought Amin to power, were residing in Tanzania. Additionally, deposed President Milton Obote was in exile in Tanzania. A combined force of the Tanzanian national army (TPDF) and groups of Ugandans initiated a counter-offensive to drive Amin’s army from Tanzania and effect a regime change in Kampala.

Colonel Abdu Kisuule, a senior officer in the Uganda Army, played a key role in containing the invading forces. In February 1979, Masaka fell to the TPDF, and Colonel Kisuule took charge of an offensive to recapture Masaka. Kisuule shared with The Citizen newspaper in 2014 that the plan centered on controlling Katonga, using it as a launching point to push back the invading force.

He recounted that he went with Amin up to Buganzi Hill to see what was happening  but when the then president Amin returned to Kampala, the power for operations to retake Masaka  was left  in his hands. At that time, Lukaya was still under their control, but the soldiers had looted extensively, and the locals had fled. Kisuule strategically set up his headquarters in Buwama, ordering soldiers to stay 500 meters away from the center.

According to Kisuule, around one thousand Libyan soldiers were sent to support President Amin and were deployed in the Katonga and Lukaya areas. The Libyans had joined and they  mounted heavy guns which they brought on the hills across Katonga, all facing Lukaya. They  also deployed tanks, planning to advance to Masaka on March 9; this was done after briefing the Libyan army at Mitala Maria that had come to boost the ranks.

In April 1979, Tanzanian forces and the UNLA forced out President Idi Amin, leading to a weak UNLF government. Internal divisions within the UNLF and power struggles ensued. Yoweri Museveni initiated the Ugandan Bush War in 1981, forming the National Resistance Movement (NRM) and the armed wing, the NRA. By 1985, the NRA faced defeat and Museveni briefly retreated to Sweden.

A coup in July 1985 forced out President Obote, replacing him with General Tito Okello. The new regime sought negotiations with anti-Obote rebel groups, including the NRM. Museveni returned to East Africa to rebuild the NRA.

Tito Okello attempted to lift the siege, but the Battle of Katonga Bridge in early December failed. The UNLA garrison faced dwindling supplies, resorting to eating rats, with incidents of cannibalism reported. Starvation and unsuccessful attempts to airlift supplies led to desperate conditions.

In August, the NRA launched coordinated attacks, capturing significant territory. The strategically important town of Masaka, with its large market, coffee trade, and road network, became a target. The NRA believed capturing Masaka would facilitate an attack on Kampala. The town was defended by 2,000 to 3,000 UNLA troops.

The NRA’s Mobile Brigade initiated the siege on September 24. Despite the well-fortified UNLA barracks, including minefields and heavy weaponry, the NRA persisted. Counter-attacks by the UNLA’s Masaka Mechanised Regiment were unsuccessful. The garrison’s breakout attempts were thwarted, and by November 18, the UNLA’s commander, Lieutenant Colonel James Tibamuleka, was killed.

As the UNLA garrison weakened, indiscipline and ethnic factionalism increased. Groups of UNLA troops surrendered from December 2 onwards. The NRA heavily shelled the remaining forces from December 4, and on December 10, the rest of the garrison capitulated. The NRA took thousands of UNLA troops prisoner and seized weapons from the armory.

Following the battle, the NRA redeployed forces, and Masaka suffered further damage. Many UNLA prisoners, including Captain Ojara, switched allegiances and joined the NRA. The capture of Masaka solidified NRA control in the central and southwestern regions, setting the stage for the eventual capture of Kampala in January 1986.

Regrettably, the war did not unfold as planned for Colonel Kisuule and his men as the fighting was so fierce, and many men were killed, with tens of jeeps ferrying dead bodies from the frontline to Kampala, further, he said that this was the last serious battle and they lost the war.

The Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) announced the opening of new gorilla families for tracking in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. This development marks a significant leap forward in gorilla conservation and provides more opportunities for tourists to experience one of the world’s most awe-inspiring wildlife encounters.

The Uganda Wildlife Authority shared this update on January 17, 2024, through a formal communication addressed to tour operators and tourism stakeholders. This underscores the importance of this breakthrough in the world of wildlife tourism and conservation.

The addition of these new gorilla families is the result of a dedicated four-year habituation process led by UWA’s committed team. Their steadfast commitment to conservation and sustainable tourism has been instrumental in making this initiative a success. This accomplishment not only enhances Uganda’s wildlife offerings but also signifies a positive impact on the preservation of mountain gorillas.

The newly opened families are located in different sectors of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park for instance, Buhoma Sector has Binyindo and Muyambi, Rushaga Sector has Rwigi and Tindatine and Nkuringo Sector has Posho. This marks a total of five new gorilla families introduced in Bwindi Impenetrable national park

With these additions, UWA now offers a total of 194 normal gorilla trekking permits and four gorilla habituation experience permits per day in 24 gorilla families which increased from 19. This provides visitors with a unique and enriching experience, allowing them to observe the fascinating behaviors of gorillas in their natural habitat.

History of the new gorilla families

Buhoma sector

The Muyambi gorilla family consists of 8 members and is led by a silverback called Muyambi who was once a member of the Mubare family. This family was formed in 2019 after splitting with the Mubare and the first trekking was done in the same year as it was expecting its newborn infant. The Bunyindo family is led by a silverback called Bunyindo. 

Nkuringo sector

The Posho gorilla group is found in the Nkuringo sector consisting of 14 members and is led by Magara silverback. The family is still undergoing the habituation process however it is open for trekking. This has made the sector to have four gorilla families.

Rushaga sector

The Tindatine gorilla family is one of the groups that split from the Nshongi gorilla family that was inhabited in 2006 with  32 members. The Rwigi gorilla family broke off from Kahuge and was named after the silverback called Rwigi. Rwigi had misunderstandings with Kahuge and both fought. Some members that believed in him left and formed a group of 10 members including one silverback, two juveniles, five females and two babies.

Other gorilla families in Uganda  

Ruhija sector

The sector is located in Bwindi Impenetrable National park and It is home to two gorilla families namely Bitukura, Kyaguriro and Oruzogo.

The Bitukura gorilla family

Located near the scenic River Bitukura, the group has fourteen individuals including four silverbacks. This family opened  in October 2008,15 months after the initiation of the habituation process in July 2007. The Bitukura is connected to the Kyaguriro family, this connection facilitated frequent encounters with Uganda Wildlife Authority rangers, thus fastening the habituation process.

Originally the Bitukura family comprised 24 members but it has experienced reduction over the years and now they are 14 members.  The group is led by the dominant silverback, Ndahura, who assumed leadership from the retiring Karamuzi after nearly four decades of service. Despite being the second youngest, Ndahura holds the mantle of leadership and in 2013, the family received a newborn which is carefully guarded by the leader.

The Oruzogo gorilla family

The Family is led by silverback Tibirikwata and it is a group of twenty-five individuals, including two silverbacks. It was opened in 2011, this family has increased over the years due to several births within its ranks. Noteworthy among these births are Ntamurungi’s delivery in June 2011 and Musi’s addition in October of the same year. Another band of joy occurred in March 2012 when Kakoba, an adult female that gave birth to twins,brought tremendous joy within the gorilla family.

The Kyaguriro gorilla family

It is a group of fifteen individuals, including two silverbacks. Despite completing the habituation process, this family is yet to open its doors to tourism. Nonetheless, dedicated conservationists maintain close contact, keenly observing and studying the fascinating dynamics within.

Previously the family was under the leadership of the dominant silverback Zeus however, a contender gorilla named Rukina launched an attack on Zeus and was forced into exile. Tragically, Zeus eventually succumbed to the challenges of exile, marking the end of his storied reign.

Although the Kyaguriro family is not accessible to tourists, researchers and scientists diligently monitor the family, unraveling the complexities of their social structure and behaviors. 

Rushaga sector

Located in Bwindi Forest, a home for several gorilla families including Nshongi, Mishaya, Kahungye, Bweza, and Busingye.

Nshongi Gorilla Family

This group is composed of twenty-six individuals with four impressive silverbacks, and resides near the Nshongi River. It was opened for tracking in September 2009, initially the family had thirty-six members, making it Uganda’s largest habituated gorilla group at the time. The family harmoniously coexisted, with three silverbacks and seven blackbacks sharing leadership responsibilities. In July 2010, the group split into two, with silverback Mishaya leading a group of 10 members. The remaining group of 26 individuals, with four silverbacks, continues to thrive.

Mishaya Gorilla Family

Following the split from the Nshongi group in July 2010, the Mishaya Gorilla Family, now consisting of twelve individuals with one silverback, led an adventurous journey. Mishaya’s spirited character led to encounters with various gorilla families. Unfortunately, in April 2011, a confrontation with a non-habituated wild gorilla family resulted in injuries to Mishaya’s group, including a two-year-old infant. However, the Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project veterinarians secured the lives of both the injured gorillas and the infant recovered well.

Kahungye Gorilla Family

One of the more recently habituated families in Bwindi, the Kahungye Gorilla Family, comprises thirteen individuals, including three silverbacks. Opened for tracking in October 2011, the family later split to form the Busingye Gorilla Family. Dominant silverback Rwigi, whose name means ‘door,’ leads this active group with enthusiasm and charisma.

Bweza Gorilla Family

The family was under the Nshongi group, then the largest habituated group in Bwindi National Park, opened for tourism. However, in July 2010, silverback Mishaya left to form his own group the Mishaya Gorilla Family. Two years later, silverback Bweza splitted and decided to take on his own journey, creating the Bweza Gorilla Family. In December 2012, this new family, consisting of nine individuals with one silverback, was opened to be tracked.

Busingye Gorilla Family

In June 2012, silverback Busingye broke away from the Kahungye Gorilla Family to establish his own group. Despite the name ‘peace,’ Busingye, in contrast, has displayed many fights so as to defend his family. He has fought off attacks from wild gorilla groups, securing the safety of females and integrating them into his own gorilla family.

Gorilla families in Buhoma sector

Located in the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, is home to five gorilla families Mubare, Habinyanja, and Rushegura.

Mubare Gorilla Family

Established for tracking in 1993 and it’s the oldest habituated gorilla family in Uganda has 9 individuals with one silverback. Originally the group had 18 members led by silverback Ruhondeza. Over time, due to various factors, the group was reduced to only 5 members by 2012. Ruhondeza’s leadership was challenged in 2012, leading to his eventual retreat and passing in 2020. Known for his gentle yet lazy demeanor, he was over 50 years old.

Habinyanja Gorilla family

Opened for tracking in 1999 and the habituation process began in 1997. The group is located in Buhoma Kahororo- Rubina and has 17 members with 2 silverbacks. Initially led by silverback Mugurisi, the group split peacefully into Habinyanja and Rushegura when Mugurisi passed away. Currently led by silverback Makara, the group faced tragedy in 2011 when a blackback named Mizano was killed by poachers, marking the first such incident since 1995.

Rushegura Gorilla Family

The group separated from the larger Habinyanja family in 2002 at Rushegura and has 19 individuals with one silverback. Originally led by silverback Mwirima, the family faced attacks from wild gorilla groups, eventually settling in Bwindi National Park. The group is known for its  calm nature and they have peacefully coexisted with the nearby village 

Nkuringo Gorilla Family 

Located in the Nkuringo sector, the group has 19 members with 2 silverbacks. The name “Nkuringo” in the local Rukiga language translates to a ’round hill,’ where this group was initially spotted. The family had a tendency to venture into nearby village communities, causing concerns as they consumed crops like sweet potatoes and bananas. During habituation, the group was led by the old and weary silverback Nkuringo, who passed away in April 2008. Leadership then shifted to his son, Safari. An adult female, Kwitonda, later gave birth to twins, Muhozi and Katungi. Unfortunately, Katungi succumbed to illness at one-and-a-half years.

Mgahinga National Park

The park is home to the Nyakagezi Gorilla Family, the only habituated family within the park. The group has 10 individuals with 3 silverbacks under the leadership of the dominant silverback, Mark .

Mark, the ruling silverback, is known for his frequent movements. In the past, the family would cross borders between Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Rwanda. However, since November 2012, the group has remained within the Ugandan border. In May 2013, the family welcomed a newborn baby, adding to its number.

Due to the family’s historical mobility, Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) decided, from November 2012, to issue gorilla trekking permits for visiting this family exclusively at the UWA headquarters within Mgahinga National Park. This decision ensures effective management and allows visitors to experience the presence of the Nyakagezi Gorilla Family within the borders of Uganda.

Booking Information for gorilla families

In light of this exciting development, it’s crucial for tourists and tour operators to note that UWA will no longer allow requests for extra permits, even during peak seasons. Starting from July 1, 2024, gorilla permits will cost $800 for all foreign tourists and increase from $600 to $700 for foreign residents of East Africa. For East Africans from UGX 250000 to UGX 300000 and the rest of Africa $ 500. This is an opportunity for tourists to be part of a remarkable wildlife experience while contributing to ongoing conservation efforts. Each gorilla trekking permit purchased plays a crucial role in supporting these efforts and ensuring the survival of mountain gorillas for future generations.

In a bid to strengthen wildlife conservation and sustainable tourism, Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) is set to implement conservation tariffs review starting July 1st, 2024, so as to give time to tourists and stakeholders to adapt to the changes in pricing structure with a notable change in the cost of gorilla permits. This decision, communicated on January 17th, 2024, aims to support wildlife preservation and ensure sustainable tourism in Uganda.

The tariff adjustment results from careful consideration and consultations with various stakeholders, including tour operators, conservationists, tourist groups, and local communities. The goal is to ensure the long-term preservation of Uganda’s natural treasures.

Uganda Wildlife Authority is a government agency responsible for managing and protecting wildlife in Uganda. It oversees 10 National Parks, 12 Wildlife Reserves, 5 Community Wildlife Management Areas, and 13 Wildlife Sanctuaries, making Uganda a cherished destination for nature lovers and conservationists.

Reasons for conservation tariffs

Conservation Funding

The hike in gorilla permit costs is anticipated to generate additional revenue that will play a pivotal role in funding essential conservation initiatives. This includes supporting park management including the the site guides that lead in gorilla trekking and safeguarding endangered species, particularly the iconic mountain gorillas. The increased funds will empower UWA to take proactive measures in protecting these species and their habitats.

Sustainable Tourism

By adopting a fair pricing structure, UWA aims to attract responsible tourists who are genuinely committed to the preservation of wildlife and natural habitats. This approach fosters sustainable tourism practices, creating a harmonious balance between visitor experiences and environmental conservation. Tourists, in turn, become active contributors to the well-being of local communities and the ecosystems they explore.

Enhanced Visitor Experience

The additional funds generated through the adjusted tariffs will be strategically invested by UWA. This investment is earmarked for improving infrastructure, enhancing visitor facilities, and supporting comprehensive conservation efforts. Tourists can anticipate a more enriching experience in Uganda’s protected areas, as the resources will be channeled towards creating a conducive environment for both wildlife and visitors.

Implementation of Comprehensive Changes

The decision to review conservation tariffs and increase gorilla permit costs is grounded in UWA’s unwavering commitment to wildlife conservation and sustainable tourism. This initiative, supported by thorough research and stakeholder consultations, ensures the continued protection of Uganda’s diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife.

Funding Conservation Initiatives

The additional revenue generated from increased permit fees will directly contribute to funding conservation initiatives. This includes anti-poaching efforts, habitat restoration, and community-based conservation projects, all of which are integral to maintaining the ecological balance.

Transparency and Accountability

UWA’s commitment to transparency is evident in the comprehensive research conducted and the rigorous approval process by the UWA Board of Trustees. This ensures that the funds collected are allocated judiciously, addressing the specific needs of each protected area.

Long-Term Sustainability

The decision to review tariffs is not a short-term fix but a strategic move towards long-term sustainability. The revised tariffs are set to remain in effect until June 30th, 2026, allowing for periodic evaluations and adjustments. This adaptive approach ensures that conservation efforts stay adequately funded, responsive to evolving challenges, and capable of securing Uganda’s natural heritage for future generations.

Reassurance for Tourists and Stakeholders

For any trips slated to commence on or after July 1st, 2024, tourists and stakeholders can anticipate a modest increase in the cost of gorilla permits and other activities. This adjustment is coupled with the reassurance that their contributions will play a crucial role in supporting the preservation of Uganda’s natural heritage. It signifies a shared responsibility, where tourists become active participants in the ongoing conservation narrative, leaving a positive impact on the ecosystems they explore. However those that booked before and they are to have their tracking dates in and after July will not have to pay extra money. And those that haven’t booked and they have their tracking dates in July will have to pay the new charges.

Revised Conservation Tariffs

Below are the activities with their old and new charges

Gorilla Trekking                                                                        

       East Africans – UGX 250000                                      UGX 300000

      Rest of Africans                                                          $500

      Foreign residents- $600                                              $700

      Foreign tourists- $700                                                  $800       

 Chimpanzee Tracking

         Foreign Tourists- $200                                                     USD 250  

         Foreign Residents- $ 150                                                  $200  

         East Africans- UGx 150,000/-                                            UGx 180,000/-

Chimpanzee Habituation  

         Foreign Tourists- $250                                                         $300  

         Foreign Residents- $200                                                      $ 250  

         East Africans- UGX 200,000/-                                           UGx 250,000/-

Chimpanzee Tracking in Kyambura 

         Foreign Tourists-$ 50                                                       $100  

         Foreign Residents-$ 40                                                    $80  

         East Africans -UGx 30,000/-                                          UGX 50,000/-

There are more other conservation tariffs that were put in place among these include the Batwa forest exploration, self game drive and guided game drive, hiking, spot fishing, lion tracking and long walks.

Updated UWA tariffs (2024-2026)

In conclusion, the Uganda Wildlife Authority’s decision to adjust conservation tariffs is a proactive step towards ensuring the sustainability of both wildlife and tourism. It reflects a balanced approach that not only addresses the immediate funding needs for conservation but also focuses on creating a lasting impact on Uganda’s unique ecosystems. By embracing responsible tourism practices and investing in the protection of endangered species, Uganda is poised to continue captivating the world with its natural wonders for years to come.

Prime Minister Robinah Nabbanja Musafiri has officially transferred the management of Entebbe Botanical Gardens from the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries to the Uganda Wildlife Education Conservation Center (UWEC). This move, following a presidential directive, aims to enhance tourism and conservation efforts.

During the handover ceremony, Premier Nabbanja emphasized the government’s commitment to biodiversity conservation and tourism growth. She urged UWEC and the National Agricultural Research Organization to address security concerns and improve facilities within two weeks.

Premier Nabbanja highlighted the positive trend in tourism, citing a record of 486,313 visitors to Entebbe Zoo in 2022. She emphasized the significant role tourism plays, providing employment for 1.5 million people and contributing 6.7% to the country’s GDP.

The Premier further disclosed the government’s strategy to boost tourism earnings, targeting $5.19 billion by 2028 and a goal of $12 billion annually by 2040. The plan involves developing new tourism products, such as refurbishing Entebbe Botanical Gardens and establishing regional centers in Mbale, Gulu, Kyenjojo, and Mbarara.

Premier Nabbanja commended the National Agricultural Research Organization for its role in maintaining the Botanical Gardens but criticized the former management for neglecting amenities and security. She urged the Tourism Ministry to create sustainable plans, transform the gardens into a modern destination, and foster research and conservation.

The Minister for Tourism, Wildlife, and Antiquities, Hon. Rtd. Maj. Tom Butiime, assured proper management of the gardens. He pledged government support for improvements and emphasized the preservation of fauna and flora.

The Director Crop Resources at the Ministry of Agriculture, Mr. Steven Byantwale Tibeijuka, urged UWEC to maintain the gene bank for tree specimens. Entebbe Municipality Mayor Fabrice Brad Rulinda supported the handover and called for concurrent promotion of research and tourism.

The Director General of National Agricultural Research Organization, Dr. Yonna Baguma, pledged collaboration with UWEC in research and tourism. The Chairperson Board of Directors for NARO advised cooperation to make Entebbe Botanical Gardens an attractive research and tourism center.

Dr. James Musinguzi, the Executive Director of UWEC, assured the public of collaboration with the Agriculture Ministry and NARO to develop the gardens. He dismissed rumors of garden plots for sale and promised increased security to address safety concerns.

About the Botanical gardens

The Entebbe Botanical Gardens is located in Entebbe town on the northern shores of Lake Victoria 43 km (49 mins drive) from Kampala and 6 km (12 mins drive) from Entebbe airport. Established in 1898 and opened in October by James Berkery  who was a consul in the British protectorate government. They were established with the aim of examining  and developing  agricultural resources in Uganda. In 1995 the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fishery took over the management and they were placed under National Agriculture Research Organization(NARO) 

The gardens receive a total annual rainfall of 1623 mm and an altitude of 1134 meters in an area of 40.7 hectares. The place is a diverse collection of species ranging from tropical, subtropical , and temperate zones with 309 tree species. Among them, 199 are indigenous to Uganda as 122 are known for medicinal value, and 110 are exotic making it a spot for botanists. Further, the gardens harbors a number of wildlife species including birds, monkeys, flowers, plants and butterflies

The gardens harbors a variety of birds that may be found within the gardens or on shores of the lake. These include; palm nut vulture, bat hawks, African Grey parrot, orange-tufted, red-chested Sunbirds, black headed Gonolek, Black headed and Vieillot’s black weavers, common Squacco, Jackson’s Golden-backed, Orange Weaver, long-tailed cormorant, yellow-billed duck, African Open- billed stork, Black headed herons, pied and giant kingfisher, Hamerkop, gray headed gull, and more making it an ideal place for bird watching. A stroll reveals a medicinal garden, bamboo stands, thick underbrush, and towering trees. Local rumors suggest early Tarzan movies were filmed here.

How to access the gardens

The Entebbe botanical gardens can be reached through Entebbe airport which takes 12 mins or from Kampala city (43 km) 49 mins drive. One can opt to use Kampala- Entebbe express highway to dodge traffic jams or use Kampala-Entebbe road. The gardens are open everyday from 8:00 am and closed at 6:00 pm.

At the entrance of the Botanical one encounters colobus monkeys on the trees and floor. The entrance fee is 10000 Uganda shillings. However, one is advised to pay a guide fee of 10000 so that a guide accompanies them around since most things are not described. The slow drives through the gardens allows everyone to appreciate the beauty of the place. Tourists can as well visit  Uganda Wildlife Education and Conservation Center and Uganda reptile village so as to see other bird species and animals like leopards, lions among others. In addition, one is advised to not leave out his binoculars and any guide book and in case one wants to visit the place, you can make a booking with the tour companies.

The Buganda Kingdom has series of small sacred lakes and river that have not received much attention. These are regarded as places of divinity, danger and liminal makers. the Baganda take these lakes and rivers as their ancestral homes and go to there to make sacrifices to them. These places include; Kabaka’s lake, Lake Wamala, River Ssezibwa, Lake Victoria and among others

Kabaka’s lake

Kabaka’s Lake is located in Ndeeba between Nabunya road and ring road 4.5 km (13 min drive) from Kampala city, Uganda. Built in 1880 under the rule of Kabaka Mwanga II, this lake served as an escape route during British conflicts.

Being the largest man-made lake in Uganda, Kabaka’s Lake was a joint effort of 52 Buganda clans, showing unity during Ssekabaka Mwanga’s reign. Mwanga II had multiple reasons for its construction, including creating a waterway to Lake Victoria for fishing and swimming, as well as easy access to another palace on Mulungu hill.

Despite Kabaka Mwanga II’s aggressive rule, construction faced challenges due to religious wars in the Buganda Kingdom, leaving the lake incomplete. Initially, some royalty and chiefs refused to participate, but the Kabaka’s personal involvement changed their minds.

The lake covers 1.8 square kilometers and 200 feet deep, Kabaka’s Lake is a top attraction during a Kampala city tour. It harbors a variety of bird species like little egrets, crested cranes. The lake is near the Lubiri (Kabaka’s palace) in Mengo making it a must-visit.

With no inlet rivers, the lake relies on underground springs for water supply, maintaining consistent levels. Under renovation for tourism, future plans include a five-star hotel. During the annual Buganda tourism Expo in August, it features water sports with the king, soldiers (Abambowa), ministers, dignitaries, and security so as they funds solicited help in the renovation process.

Kabaka’s Lake is really special in Uganda, especially for the Buganda kingdom. People see it as a symbol of their history and culture. They use the lake for important ceremonies that are a big part of their traditions. The connection between the lake and the Buganda kingdom’s leaders makes it even more important culturally. The lake is a place that holds the stories and traditions of the Buganda people, making it a crucial part of their heritage.

Kabaka’s Lake is also recognized as a conservation area and a water reservoir for the kingdom and for irrigation and daily needs. boasts two small islands with lush vegetation and bird nests. The lake offers activities like canoeing, boat rides, leisure walks, picnics, birding and fishing.

Lake Wamala

Lake Wamala is a freshwater body shared by Mityana, Mpigi, and Mubende Districts covering 250 sq km with 1,290 meters above sea level. The lake has inlet rivers which include; Nyanzi, Kitenga, Kabasuma, Mpamujugu, and Bimbye rivers which contribute to the lake’s vitality. 

Over 4,000 years ago, it is believed that lake Wamala was part of Lake Victoria, but time has shaped it into a separate waterbody we see now . The lake draws its name from King Wamala, the final ruler of the Bachwezi dynasty, who vanished into its depths near Nakyegalika, Lubajja landing site in Maanyi sub-county.

The lake’s surface is enhanced with islands, each telling its own story; these include Lwanja, Mabo, Kizara, Kazinga, and Bagwe Islands all harbor a variety of birdlife and serve cultural functions. Among the Baganda people, some islands are believed to house ancestral spirits, offering guidance and assistance.

Lake Wamala is surrounded by green vegetation that is dominated by papyrus, floaters, and water-based plants with a variety of tree species which include;Raphia, and palms thus creating a home for both flora and fauna.

The spot also has a variety of animal species and among them include; waterbucks, hippopotamus, sitatunga, wild pigs, bushbuck. And primates like vervet monkeys and baboons with birds like guinea fowl and turaco. The lake’s clear waters are also teeming with life, hosting fish species like tilapia, catfish, and lungfish.

In the 1960s and early 1970s, Lake Wamala played a crucial role as a source of fresh and smoked fish, supplying local markets and towns in Buganda. However, mismanagement and unregulated commercial fishing in the mid-1970s led to a decline in fish stocks. The impact was felt not only by the environment but also by local fishermen and their families.

Adding to the challenges, climate change is also another factor affecting the lake Wamala’s conditions and further impacting the livelihoods of the community. Yet, despite these challenges, Lake Wamala remains one of Uganda’s cleanest lakes, its waters maintaining a sense of calmness. Researched by Ariiho Robert Kahiigi, Lake Wamala was once a busy place and  source of sustenance to people around. It now serves as a reminder to the delicate balance of nature and the importance of responsible stewardship to ensure the well-being of both the ecosystem and the communities that call its shores home.

There are other tourist attractions around for instance; Walumbe tanda pits, Entanda cultural center, Magonga shrines and Nakayima tree. These are all cultural attractions that are stationed around Mityana.

Lake Wamala with Buganda culture

In 2013,  according to a story that was shared with social scientist Beth Timmers by a local fishmonger following the story that was passed down by grandparents. It is said the lake was born from a woman named Wamala, who, while pregnant, had her water break as she walked. The water flowed, and the lake grew, giving birth to Wamala, the lake itself. It is still believed to be the lake of a spirit which is beyond the government’s control.

This mysticism extends to certain taboos associated with the lake. The water is considered akin to Wamala’s mother’s amniotic fluid, making it taboo for menstruating women to enter the lake. Engaging in any activity, even bathing, is deemed disrespectful. These taboos are closely tied to the belief in women’s potential to fish.

Another prohibition revolves around the lake’s gender; as a male entity, it’s considered inappropriate for a woman to enter or exit a fishing boat. The cultural tapestry surrounding Lake Wamala is woven with stories that go beyond the ordinary, reminding us of the deep connection between myth, tradition, and the serene waters that cradle the spirit of Wamala.

How to get to lake Wamala

From Kampala city one can take Kampala-Fort Portal road up to Mityana town, then from town to the lake Wamala takes 20 km. From Kibale national park it is about 231 km (4 hrs and 30 mins) to reach the destination.

River sezibwa 

Located 85 km (2 hrs and 30 mins drive) away from Kampala city center along the main road to jinja in Mukono district. River Sezibwa is one of the most treasured rivers in Buganda Kingdom and it originates from the wetlands of lake Victoria and pours its waters in lake Kyoga. The river is 150 km long and incorporates Ssezibwa falls. The falls are one of the most visited places and adorned with rocks, the water squeezes through narrow rock openings, cascading 17 meters into a 14-meter deep pool.

Cultural and Spiritual Significance of the river

Beyond its natural allure, Ssezibwa Falls holds profound cultural and spiritual significance, particularly for the Baganda people. The name “Ssezibwa” itself is a local idiom, meaning “something endless.”

The tourism place is administered by the Buganda culture and tourism department since it is an essential part of Buganda’s history and beliefs. According to local legend, the falls are linked to the supernatural powers of the river Ssezibwa.

Legends of Birth and Flow of River Sezibwa

Acord to the folktales from the locals, a woman named Nakangu Tebatuusa left her marital home due to issues with her husband, Nsubuga Sebwaata. She was directed by her father to reconcile with the husband; the mother accompanied her and on the way she gave birth to twins in the form of water near her home. One river, named Bwanda, flowed towards the East to Nyenga, while the other, Sezibwa, flowed westward, encountering various obstacles.

Sezibwa faced challenges along its course, but was aided by a spirit named Nnalongo Nnkubo. This benevolent spirit settled in the area around the waterfalls, leading to the construction of shrines for worship. The birth of these rivers and the mystical presence of spirits have intertwined the falls with cultural practices and beliefs, making it a revered site for the Baganda people.

Biodiversity and Wildlife

The area surrounding Ssezibwa Falls teems with biodiversity as it is a home to small primates like Vervet and red-tailed monkeys that play amidst the rocks. Snakes, including the African cobra, green mambas, and horned adders, find their habitat here, showcasing the delicate balance between nature and wildlife. Other inhabitants of the area include otters, tadpoles, mongooses, and wild cats, creating a diverse ecosystem that enhances the allure of Ssezibwa Falls. 

Historical Plantings by Kings

Throughout history, Ssezibwa Falls has witnessed the reverence of Buganda kings who recognized its spiritual importance. In 1889, Kabaka Mwanga, charmed by the natural beauty of the falls, planted a wild olive tree, now known as the Mwanga tree. Over a century old, this tree stands as a living testament to the enduring connection between royalty and the falls.

Later, King Muteesa II also paid homage by planting a tree, acknowledging the spiritual significance of Ssezibwa Falls. In 2002, King Ronald Mwenda Mutebi II further solidified the falls’ importance by commissioning it as one of Buganda’s essential tourism sites, ensuring its preservation and recognition.

Spiritual Practices and Rituals at River Sezibwa

Ssezibwa Falls continues to be a site of spiritual significance for both locals and visitors. People from all over Uganda make pilgrimages to seek blessings for various aspects of their lives, including health, jobs, children, business, and families. Traditional healers, known as medicine men, invoke the gods or use local herbs to cure ailments ranging from diseases to toothaches and skin conditions.

The falls become a sacred space for rituals, where sacrifices are offered to win the favor of the gods. Offerings may include coffee beans, eggs, local beer, chickens, or even animals like sheep and goats. These rituals, rooted in ancient beliefs, are performed on top of the falls, and the offerings are dropped into the water to appease the gods and feed Ssezibwa.

Twins hold a special place in Buganda culture due to the legend of Ssezibwa Falls. Their birth is considered a blessing, and rituals are performed to appease the gods. Parents of twins receive special names such as Salongo (Father) or Nalongo (Mother), highlighting the cultural significance attributed to this unique phenomenon.

Blend of Traditions and religion

Despite the deep-rooted cultural practices, Ssezibwa Falls is not confined to one religious or cultural perspective. The Anglican church owns land close to the falls, where Christians come for retreats and meditation. The waters of Ssezibwa Falls also serve as a setting for baptism services, symbolizing the harmonious coexistence of traditional beliefs and Christian practices.

This unique blend of traditions further enriches the culture of Ssezibwa Falls, making it a destination where different features of Ugandan heritage converge. The falls, with their captivating history and diverse offerings, continue to be a place of contemplation, celebration, and connection with both the natural and spiritual realms.

How to get to Sezibwa river and falls

Once you set out from Kampala, one can use Kampala-jinja highway and turn right at Kayanja trading center onto a dirt road and it is 1.5km to the falls.however, the road transforms into murram as you approach the falls, making it essential to have a reliable 4 Wheel Drive Car, especially during the rainy season. As you’re traveling  it’s advisable to drive cautiously, keeping a keen eye out for the main junction directing you to the falls. Despite a signpost indicating the direction to the Ssezibwa River Resort, it’s easy to miss, so stay alert.

Upon passing through the main gate, crafted from reeds, you’re greeted by the soothing sounds of the waterfalls. The area is adorned with trees thus harboring wildlife species like birds . As you venture further into the facility, the waterfalls come into view, accompanied by a bridge that spans the river downstream. This bridge not only offers the best point to admire the falls but also provides an excellent spot for capturing memorable photos. Further after crossing the bridge, the landscape is adorned with rocks and more trees making it a good environment for relaxation. The entrance fee is UGX 10000 and the place is open throughout the year. In case one wants to experience the force of falls, it is advisable to visit during rainy seasons. 

 Activities to do at Sezibwa

Whether you’re arriving from a thrilling whitewater rafting experience in Jinja or exploring Mount Elgon in Eastern Districts of Uganda, Ssezibwa Falls offers  a variety of engaging activities which include; swimming, picnics, rock hikings, and among others. Further it emerges as a hidden oasis for relaxation and adventure. Being  in close proximity to Kampala, this destination stands out for its affordability, making it an ideal spot for a weekend retreat or a holiday break.  

Swimming

While the facility encourages caution, experienced swimmers can take a refreshing plunge into the pool below the falls. The clear and clean waters offer a tempting opportunity for a natural dip, making it a rewarding experience for those seeking a closer connection with nature.

Hiking and Climbing Rocks

This involves hiking atop the falls to view the River Ssezibwa cascading down the rocks from the thickets and trees. While the hike may pose a challenge for those less fit, the breathtaking views of the waterfalls and surrounding scenery make it a rewarding endeavor. On the way you may spot lizards and other creatures along the way.

Birdwatching

Tourists are involved in birdwatching amidst the forest surrounding Ssezibwa Falls. It is a home to over 50 bird species, the area becomes a sanctuary for birders. Spot African Finfoot and the Long-tailed Cormorant enjoying a swim at the foot of the falls, alongside other species like the African Grey Hornbill and Shining Blue Kingfisher.

Nature Walks

These are done in the surrounding forests, which feature bamboo, Muvule, Musizi, Mahogany, fig, Eucalyptus, and Ebony trees. It also has thickets and lushes. These nature walks are Guided by local experts as you are able to explore the diverse flora and fauna, spotting birds, butterflies, and small primates. Within these forests there are local farms and plantations and visitors are allowed to walk through  however the international tourists are charged $4. This money pays the guide and also helps in the conservation of the forests.

Village Walks

Experience the warmth of local hospitality with village walks through Ngogwe, Madudu, Wamala, and Kungu. Intentional tourists tend to have close counters with locals and local students tend to conduct fieldwork and research within this area. They find these walks an excellent opportunity to connect with African home life. The experience may include a nominal fee of 10,000 Uganda shillings per person.

Cultural Experience

Before the arrival and spread of christianity and other religions, Buganda had ancient cultural practices where they built many shrines that belonged to different deities which included Jajja Ssezibwa shrine.  The Buganda pay a visit to Jajja Ssezibwa’s Shrine which is located next to the waterfalls so as to gain insights into traditional religions, ancient gods, and spiritual beings. The shrine has several objects for spiritual use for instance, calabashes, coffee beans, pots, cowrie shells, backcloths, beans, spears, pangas and  among others. Smoke is witnessed rising from the falls during sacrifices made to water and other deities. Note that entry into the shrine is restricted, as women are not allowed to go inside the shrine which is built inside the cave. In addition men who have not engaged in sexual intercourse the day before are the only ones allowed to enter and certain cultural practices may be unfamiliar to those of different denominations.

Picnics and Camping

The presence of lush green gardens around Ssezibwa Falls provide an ideal setting for picnics, small family gatherings, and merry-making. Set up a picnic spot under tall trees, enjoying the cool breeze and the mesmerizing waterfalls. Those interested in camping can find nearly flat grounds after the bridge, offering a good environment with the sounds of birds and primates. It is advisable to bring your own supplies for a  camping experience including eats and drinks..